A Preview of Recent A Preview of Recent Land Cover Mapping for Land Cover Mapping for
ConnecticutConnecticutJames D. HurdJames D. Hurd
Jason Parent, Anna Chabaeva and Daniel CivcoJason Parent, Anna Chabaeva and Daniel Civco
CCenter for enter for LLand use and use EEducation ducation AAnd nd RResearch esearch (CLEAR)(CLEAR)Department of Natural Resources Management & Department of Natural Resources Management &
EngineeringEngineeringThe University of ConnecticutThe University of Connecticut
U-4087, Room 308, 1376 Storrs RoadU-4087, Room 308, 1376 Storrs RoadStorrs, CT 06269-4087Storrs, CT 06269-4087
The Center for Landuse The Center for Landuse Education And Research Education And Research
(CLEAR)(CLEAR)
clear.uconn.edu
Established April, 2002
The Center for Landuse The Center for Landuse Education And Research Education And Research
(CLEAR)(CLEAR)
clear.uconn.edu
Established April, 2002
CLEAR conducts remote sensing research, develops analysis tools and training programs, delivers outreach educational programs.
The Center for Landuse The Center for Landuse Education And Research Education And Research
(CLEAR)(CLEAR)
To provide information, education and assistance to land use decision makers, in support of balancing growth and natural
resource protection.
clear.uconn.edu
NEMOLERIS
GVIForestr
y
National NEMO
Network
GTP
Connecticut’s Changing Connecticut’s Changing LandscapeLandscape
What is Connecticut’s Changing Landscape (CCL)?
- An ongoing project that tracks land cover changes in Connecticut’s landscape over time.- Uses Landsat Satellite imagery to derive a consistent set of land cover maps.- Currently nearing completion of a 2006 update.- With the update, will consist of 5 dates of land cover (1985, 1990, 1995, 2002, 2006) consisting of 12 land cover categories.- Also includes products derived from land cover: forest fragmentation, urban growth, impervious surfaces.
Connecticut’s Changing Connecticut’s Changing LandscapeLandscape
Land Cover and Land Cover Change
Urban Growth
ImperviousSurfaces
ForestFragmentation
clear.uconn.educlear.uconn.edu/ccl.htm
Land Cover andLand Cover andLand Cover ChangeLand Cover Change
Why Land Cover?Why Land Cover?- Land Cover is the basis for understanding our - Land Cover is the basis for understanding our
landscape.landscape.What is where?What is where?
- - Multiple dates of land cover are necessary to Multiple dates of land cover are necessary to understand the nature of landscape change.understand the nature of landscape change.
What did it change to?What did it change to?
- Many landscape models require land cover - Many landscape models require land cover information.information.
You can measure & analyze this
This is a picture
33% 33% developeddeveloped
46% 46% forestforest
5% 5% waterwater
Image to MapImage to MapLandsat
Satellite ImageLand Cover
Map
Landsat 100 footspatial resolution
NAIP 3 footspatial resolution
Image ComparisonImage ComparisonBoth images collected late summer 2006
Connecticut’s Changing Connecticut’s Changing LandscapeLandscape1985
1995
1990
2002
Connecticut’s Changing Connecticut’s Changing LandscapeLandscape
2006 Land Cover
DevelopedDevelopedTurf & GrassTurf & GrassOther GrassesOther GrassesAgricultureAgricultureDeciduous ForestDeciduous ForestConiferous ForestConiferous ForestWaterWaterForest WetlandForest WetlandNon-forested Non-forested WetlandWetlandTidal WetlandTidal WetlandBarrenBarrenUtility Right-of-wayUtility Right-of-way
DevelopedDevelopedTurf & GrassTurf & GrassOther GrassesOther GrassesAgricultureAgricultureDeciduous ForestDeciduous ForestConiferous ForestConiferous ForestWaterWaterForest WetlandForest WetlandNon-forested Non-forested WetlandWetlandTidal WetlandTidal WetlandBarrenBarrenUtility Right-of-wayUtility Right-of-way
Connecticut’s Changing Connecticut’s Changing LandscapeLandscape 1985 Land Cover
DevelopedDevelopedTurf & GrassTurf & GrassOther GrassesOther GrassesAgricultureAgricultureDeciduous ForestDeciduous ForestConiferous ForestConiferous ForestWaterWaterForest WetlandForest WetlandNon-forested Non-forested WetlandWetlandTidal WetlandTidal WetlandBarrenBarrenUtility Right-of-wayUtility Right-of-way
Connecticut’s Changing Connecticut’s Changing LandscapeLandscape 1990 Land Cover
DevelopedDevelopedTurf & GrassTurf & GrassOther GrassesOther GrassesAgricultureAgricultureDeciduous ForestDeciduous ForestConiferous ForestConiferous ForestWaterWaterForest WetlandForest WetlandNon-forested Non-forested WetlandWetlandTidal WetlandTidal WetlandBarrenBarrenUtility Right-of-wayUtility Right-of-way
Connecticut’s Changing Connecticut’s Changing LandscapeLandscape 1995 Land Cover
DevelopedDevelopedTurf & GrassTurf & GrassOther GrassesOther GrassesAgricultureAgricultureDeciduous ForestDeciduous ForestConiferous ForestConiferous ForestWaterWaterForest WetlandForest WetlandNon-forested Non-forested WetlandWetlandTidal WetlandTidal WetlandBarrenBarrenUtility Right-of-wayUtility Right-of-way
Connecticut’s Changing Connecticut’s Changing LandscapeLandscape 2002 Land Cover
DevelopedDevelopedTurf & GrassTurf & GrassOther GrassesOther GrassesAgricultureAgricultureDeciduous ForestDeciduous ForestConiferous ForestConiferous ForestWaterWaterForest WetlandForest WetlandNon-forested Non-forested WetlandWetlandTidal WetlandTidal WetlandBarrenBarrenUtility Right-of-wayUtility Right-of-way
Connecticut’s Changing Connecticut’s Changing LandscapeLandscape 2006 Land Cover
Increase In DevelopmentIncrease In Development
Developed 1985-1990Developed 1985-1990Turf & Grass 1985-Turf & Grass 1985-19901990Developed 1990-1995Developed 1990-1995Turf & Grass 1990-Turf & Grass 1990-19951995Developed 1995-2002Developed 1995-2002Turf & Grass 1995-Turf & Grass 1995-20022002Developed 2002-2006Developed 2002-2006Turf & Grass 2002-Turf & Grass 2002-20062006
1985 to 2006
DevelopedDevelopedTurf & GrassTurf & GrassWaterWaterUndevelopedUndeveloped
No Change
Change to Developed
Change In AgricultureChange In Agriculture1985 to 2006
Agriculture to Agriculture to Developed/Turf & Developed/Turf & GrassGrassAgriculture to Other Agriculture to Other GrassesGrassesNew AgricultureNew Agriculture
DevelopedDevelopedTurf & GrassTurf & GrassAgricultureAgricultureWaterWaterUndevelopedUndeveloped
Change in Agriculture
No Change
Agriculture and Forest LossAgriculture and Forest Loss1985 to 2006
Lost AgricultureLost AgricultureLost ForestLost ForestOther Non-developed Other Non-developed ChangeChange
DevelopedDevelopedWaterWaterUndevelopedUndeveloped
Change Classes
No Change Classes
1985 Area
1990 Area
1995 Area
2002 Area
2006 Area
1985-2006 Change
(sq. miles)
(sq. miles)
(sq. miles)
(sq. miles)
(sq. miles)
(sq. miles) (%)
Developed 812.09 875.23 897.59 933.11 949.24 137.15 16.89
Turf & Grass 276.68 280.49 289.16 296.59 310.44 33.76 12.20
Other Grass 45.23 69.25 86.12 103.97 109.15 63.92 141.33
Agriculture 465.91 436.75 424.45 412.86 409.18 -56.73 -12.18
Deciduous Forest 2,470.08 2,409.53 2,373.37 2,327.54 2,298.20 -171.88 -6.96
Coniferous Forest 460.71 455.23 451.52 446.37 442.13 -18.58 -4.03
Water 174.33 171.89 167.36 159.87 158.22 -16.11 -9.24
Non-forest Wetland 11.61 18.17 20.07 23.49 25.62 14.00 120.61
Forested Wetland 186.00 179.09 175.68 174.23 171.43 -14.57 -7.83
Tidal Wetland 23.13 23.51 23.58 23.88 23.43 0.31 1.33
Barren 33.93 40.81 51.03 58.17 62.99 29.05 85.61
Utility ROWs 15.35 15.10 15.13 14.98 15.04 -0.31 -2.01
Connecticut’s Changing Connecticut’s Changing LandscapeLandscape
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
19851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010
YEAR
SQ M
ILES
Connecticut’s Changing Connecticut’s Changing LandscapeLandscape
Tracking ChangeTracking Change
R2 = 0.9722
R2 = - 0.9821
R2 = - 0.8956
FOREST = deciduous, coniferous, forested wetlandDEVELOPED = developed, turf & grassAGRICULTURE = agriculture
Forest FragmentationForest FragmentationAnalysisAnalysis
Forest FragmentationForest FragmentationOld Method: Image ConvolutionNew Method: Morphological Image Processing
= SE1 = SE2
erosion operator, dilation operator(shrink forest) (expand forest)
= calculate Pf and Pff
Core Forest – All pixels in SE1 are forest.
Analysis applied to the center forest pixel
Patch Forest – Forest pixels that are isolated from core forest pixels (uses SE2 with repeated dilations).
Forest FragmentationForest Fragmentation
Edge Forest – forest pixels on the edge of large non-forested features (uses SE1 on non-forest pixelswith repeated dilations).Perforated Forest – forest pixels surrounding smallnon-forested features (remaining unlabeledforest pixels).
1985
1990
1995
2002
2006
Connecticut Forest Connecticut Forest FragmentationFragmentation1985 Area
1990 Area
1995 Area
2002 Area
2006 Area
1985-2006 Change
(sq. miles)
(sq. miles)
(sq. miles)
(sq. miles)
(sq. miles)
(sq. miles) (%)
Patch Forest 74.04 73.66 74.66 75.58 76.70 2.66 3.59
Perforated Forest 105.19 113.90 125.54 136.68 144.71 39.52 37.57
Edge Forest 683.23 689.16 694.68 704.87 712.02 28.78 4.21
Core Forest 2,267.93 2,167.28 2,105.87 2,031.11 1,975.02 -292.92 -12.92
Urban GrowthUrban GrowthAnalysisAnalysis
Urban Growth MetricsUrban Growth MetricsDerivationDerivation
Manifestation metrics based Manifestation metrics based on the “urbanness” of the on the “urbanness” of the neighboring areaneighboring area
Urbanness = % of pixels in Urbanness = % of pixels in neighborhood that are built-neighborhood that are built-upup
The neighborhood is a 1 kmThe neighborhood is a 1 km22 circle centered on each pixelcircle centered on each pixel 252 pixels = 0.2 km2
Urbanness = 0.2 / 1 = 20%
Urban Growth MetricsUrban Growth MetricsDefinitionsDefinitions
Built-up(developed pixels)
> 50% urban 30 to 50%urban < 30% urban
Largest contiguo
us group of
pixels
All other
groups
Linear semi-
contiguous groups approx.
100 meters wide
Main core Secondary core
Fringe Ribbon Scatter
All other
groups
Landsat image
Built-up area(impervious surfaces)
Open space (OS)(non-developed pixels)
Urbanized OS(> 50 % built-
up)
Urbanizedarea
Urbanfootprint
Peripheral OS(< 100 m from
built-up)
Urban Growth MetricsUrban Growth MetricsDefinitionsDefinitions
Urban Growth AnalysisUrban Growth Analysis
Urban CoreUrban CoreUrban FringeUrban FringeUrban ScatterUrban ScatterUrbanized Open Urbanized Open SpaceSpaceInterior Urbanized OSInterior Urbanized OSPeripheral Open Peripheral Open SpaceSpaceCore Open SpaceCore Open SpaceWaterWaterExcess SlopeExcess Slope
1985 Urban Landscape
1985
1990
1995
2002
2006
URBAN FOOTPRINT = all built-up pixels (urban core, urban fringe, urban scatter) and urbanized open space pixels (urbanized open space, interior urbanized open space, peripheral open space).
Urban Growth AnalysisUrban Growth Analysis
1985
1990
1995
2002
2006
►Development occurring between time periods Development occurring between time periods TT11 and T and T22
► Classification based on location relative to Classification based on location relative to the Tthe T11 urban area urban area InfillInfill: new development occurring within the T: new development occurring within the T11
urbanized open spaceurbanized open space ExtensionExtension: new non-infill development intersecting : new non-infill development intersecting
the Tthe T11 urban footprint urban footprint LeapfrogLeapfrog: new development not intersecting the T: new development not intersecting the T11
urban footprinturban footprint
Urban Growth AnalysisUrban Growth Analysis
Urban Growth AnalysisUrban Growth Analysis
InfillInfillExtensionExtensionLeapfrogLeapfrog
1985to
2006
►Infill - development of a small area surrounded by existing developed land.
►Expansion - the spread of development from existing developed areas.
►Outlying - characterized by a change from undeveloped to developed beyond existing developed areas. Isolated – small developed area surrounded by
undeveloped land. Linear Branching – linear development Clustered Branching – large cluster of developed pixels.
Urban Growth AnalysisUrban Growth Analysis
Urban Growth AnalysisUrban Growth Analysis
InfillInfillExpansionExpansionIsolatedIsolatedLinearLinearClusteredClustered
1985to
2006
Impervious SurfaceImpervious SurfaceEstimationEstimation
Impervious Surfaces Impervious Surfaces EstimationEstimation
Regression analysis model based on the use of:
• Impervious surface coefficients for each land cover category.
• Population density within analysis unit being analyzed.
Impervious Surfaces Impervious Surfaces EstimationEstimation
RMSE=7.72y = 1.2479x - 2.0241
R2 = 0.95180
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Actual %IS
CC
L S
ub-p
ixel
%IS
CCL Sub-pixelAnalysis
RMSE=6.30y = 0.7088x + 5.1551
R2 = 0.93510
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Actual %IS
CC
L IS
AT
%IS
CCL ISAT
RMSE=4.73y = 0.8548x + 2.763
R2 = 0.92910
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Actual %IS
CC
L E
TIS
%IS
CCL ETIS
2006 Impervious Surfaces2006 Impervious Surfaces2000 Census Tracts2000 Census Tracts
0% - 5% IS0% - 5% IS5% - 10% IS5% - 10% IS10% - 15% IS10% - 15% IS15% - 20% IS15% - 20% IS20% - 25% IS20% - 25% IS> 25% IS> 25% IS
2006 Impervious Surfaces2006 Impervious SurfacesLocal WatershedsLocal Watersheds
0% - 5% IS0% - 5% IS5% - 10% IS5% - 10% IS10% - 15% IS10% - 15% IS15% - 20% IS15% - 20% IS20% - 25% IS20% - 25% IS> 25% IS> 25% IS
In SummaryIn Summary
SummarySummaryThe land cover products allow us to quantify
land cover and land cover change in Connecticut over a 21 year period and allow us to visualize how we are impacting our landscape.
The derived products provide us with various perspectives about the state of Connecticut’s landscape.
Land Cover should be available online in the next month or so with the derived products following soon after.
CLEAR.uconn.eduCLEAR.uconn.edu
A Preview of Recent A Preview of Recent Land Cover Mapping for Land Cover Mapping for
ConnecticutConnecticutJames D. HurdJames D. Hurd
Jason Parent, Anna Chabaeva and Daniel CivcoJason Parent, Anna Chabaeva and Daniel Civco
CCenter for enter for LLand use and use EEducation ducation AAnd nd RResearch esearch (CLEAR)(CLEAR)Department of Natural Resources Management & Department of Natural Resources Management &
EngineeringEngineeringThe University of ConnecticutThe University of Connecticut
U-4087, Room 308, 1376 Storrs RoadU-4087, Room 308, 1376 Storrs RoadStorrs, CT 06269-4087Storrs, CT 06269-4087