Tokyo Institute of TechnologySchool of Engineering
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A Realistic Intermediate Scenariofor Sustainable Development
Ken OKAZAKIProfessor
Department of Mechanical and Control EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology, Japane-mail: [email protected]
Tokyo Tech-NASTDA ForumTokyo Institute of Technology
Nov. 20, 2006
Tokyo Institute of TechnologySchool of Engineering
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Outline1. What is global environmental problems ?
net quantitative contribution to CO2 mitigation2. Overview of an intermediate scenario toward
CO2-free sustainable community by introducing hydrogen-based energy systemshort term, medium term, long termsystem integration – fossil fuel (coal) to hydrogen with CCSworld present status of hydrogen energy technologies
3. Related technologies and Japan’s projectscoal oxy-firing for CO2 recovery, CO2 sequestration, JHFC (Japan Hydrogen and Fuel Cell) project
4. Enhancement of low quality waste heat by using hydrogen as an energy carrier
5. Future prospect of introducing hydrogen energy
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1. What is global environmental problems ?
• Global warming due to a huge amount of CO2 emission
Japan: 1.3 Gton-CO2/year, World: 25 Gton-CO2/year
• Depletion of fossil fuel resources
Any countermeasure should havea net and quantitative contribution
to solve those problems as a total system.
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CO
2Em
issi
on (
Car
bon
G-to
n/ye
ar)
Year1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
(Source: RITE HP)
Nat. Gas
Oil
Coal
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2000 2050 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500
Oil & Natural Gas
▲
▲
Sustainable program for production and consumption
2100 y
2050 y
Present
Energy demand with annual economical growth of 1.5%
(Source: Clean Coal Science Handbook, 1996 CCUJ)
Coal
Long term prospect of fossil fuel consumption
Ann
ual p
rodu
ctio
n
・Nuclear Energy・Renewable Energy
Intermediate scenario – hydrogen from fossil fuels
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2. OVERVIEW - A realistic scenario for sustainable development
CO2 + H2Fossil Fuel(Coal, Oil ..)
O2/CO2
Combustion
CO2 Recovery
Air-blownCombustion
CO2 Separationand Recovery
(MEA .. )
CO + H2
gasification shift reaction
Hydrogen Energy System(Fuel Cell,Hydrogen Turbine ..)
Renewable Energy(Wind, PV ..)
Electricity
H2 + O2 H2O
CO2 Sequestration(Ocean, Geological ..)
CO2 + H2
FutureGen (US)
steam reforming
exergy enhancement
[Short term]CO2 recovery and sequestration
[Medium term]Integration of fossil fuel, hydrogen and CO2 mitigation
[Far future]Hydrogen production from natural energies
Short, medium and long term scenario for CO2 mitigation and introducing hydrogen<Okazaki, J. Energy, 2004>
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Launch of Space Shuttle(combustion of hydrogen with oxygen)
J F Kennedy Space Center
Hydrogen energy has been used only for some special purpose such as a launch of space shuttle.
Hydrogen energy is now spreading widely to various public use such as transportation, stationary energy sources as a countermeasure to solve environmental issues.
But, still many problems …
Present status of hydrogen energy technologies
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Semi-commercialized FC vehicles and busesSemi-commercialized FC vehicles and buses
Daihatsu Move FCV Suzuki MR Wagon FCV GM/OPEL HydroGen3 Daimler F-Cell
Toyota FCHV Nissann X-TRAIL FCV Honda FCX Mitsubishi FCV
Ford Focus FCV Toyota/Hino FCHV- BUS2 Daimler FC Bus MAN FC Bus
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Hydrogen refueling stations for commercializationHydrogen refueling stations for commercialization
Los Angels Air Portwater electrolysisself-service
Washington DC Hydrogen station with GSliquid-hydrogen storage
CEP Berlin, self-serviceliquid-hydrogen storagewater electrolysis
HF-150, moving type hydrogen refueling station (150kg,35MPa)
Burbanklow-cost PEM electrolysis self-service
Card reader California
ARAL TOTAL
SHELL
H-CUTE Berlin, Self-serviceliquid-hydrogen storageLPG reforming
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Opening ceremony of hydrogen station at UC-Davis, April 4, 2004Opening ceremony of hydrogen station at UC-Davis, April 4, 2004
California Hydrogen Highway Network (CaH2Net) plan was presented by the governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in April, 2004.
Tokyo Institute of TechnologySchool of Engineering
11Source: Homepage of Hydrogen highway
Hydrogen station : 250 sitesHydrogen vehicles : 20,000Reduction of GHG emission : 30 %
■ 18 stations connecting big cities
■ Hydrogen stations in northern California
Sacramento
Sacramento
San Francisco
Los Angels
San Francisco
Los Angels
■ Hydrogen stations in southern California
San Diego
Palm Springs
Target presented in 2004
Hydrogen Highway Network Program in CaliforniaHydrogen Highway Network Program in California
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Whistler
VancouverNRC/UBC
AirportSurrey
Victoria
●
●
●
●
NorthVancouver
●
●
●
(Olympic game site)
Hydrogen Highway ProgramBritish Columbia, Canada
Hydrogen Highway ProgramIn Norway (HyNor)
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500 MW hydrogen turbine power station in US
Developer: BP、Edison Mission Gr. Site:Carson (near LA, Calif,)Power generation :500MW H2 turbine(250MW×2 )Hydrogen source:Petro-Coke 5,000t/d, gasification CO2 capture:CO2decrease: 4 Mt/year(corresponding to the CO2 emissions of 1 M vehicles) Operation start:2011 yrBudget:1000 M$
Hydrogen turbineHydrogen turbine
GasificationGasification Petroleum cokePetroleum coke
CO2 injectionCO2 injection
CO2 captureCO2 captureElectricityElectricity
Oil extractionOil extraction
Construction site, BP oil refinery
HydrogenHydrogen
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350MW hydrogen turbine power station in UK
Developer:BP, Scottish & Southern Energy, Shell, ConocoPhillipsSite:Scotland Aberdeenshire、S.S.E Peterhead power stationPower generation:350MW hydrogen turbine(175MW×2)Hydrogen production:natural gas 2 Mm3/day reforming、H2:99.9%CO2 capture:CO2 decrease 1.2Mt/year(corresponding 0.3M vehicles )
(injected into old oil field in North Sea)Operation start:2010 yr Budget:600 M$
Hydrogen turbineHydrogen turbine
Natural gas reformingNatural gas reforming Natural gas extractionNatural gas extraction
CO2injectionCO2injection
CO2 captureCO2 capture
ElectricityElectricity
OilOil
HydrogenHydrogen
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New cycle by gas turbine of hydrogen/oxygen combustion- combustion product:steam only (when dilute gas is steam)- hybrid system automatically combining
gas turbine cycle and steam turbine cycle
Conventionalgas turbine
Hydrogen turbine
Hydrogen SteamCombustor
Compressor
Turbine
Condenser
Pump
External work is almost zerodue to compression in the liquid phase
Atmosphere Oxygen
Entropy
Tem
pera
ture
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3. Japan’s Projects for Mitigation of Global Warming
・Coal Technologies for CO2 RecoveryCO2/O2 (Oxy-firing) Coal Combustion (NEDO-CCUJ:1996-2000)IGCC+CO2 Recovery and Hydrogen-rich Gasification, Hydrogen TurbineIGFC+ CO2 Recovery and SOFC, Co-productionHyPr-RING: New Hydrogen Production Process with CO2 Recovery
・CO2 Sequestration TechnologiesSEA-COSMIC : Study of Environmental Assessment for CO2 Ocean Sequestration for
Mitigation of Climate Change (NEDO-RITE:Phase I: 1997-2001, Phase-II: 2002- )Geological Sequestration
・Hydrogen related TechnologiesWE-NET(World Energy Network Project)
(NEDO-IAE・ENAA:Phase-I: 1993-1998, Phase-II: 1999-2002)
・Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Refueling StationsJHFC (Japan Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Development Project)
(METI-JARI(JEVA): Phase-I: 2002-2005, Phase-II: 2006- )
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Council for Science & Technology Policy, Cabinet Office (総合科学技術会議)
Project Integration and World Collaboration
to improve our global environment for future generations
Coal Utilization with CO2 Recovery JCOALO2/CO2 Coal CombustionCO2 Capture from IGCCHyPr-RING for Hydrogen Production
CO2 Sequestration RITEOcean SequestrationGeological Sequestration
Hydrogen Energy System ENAA, IAEFC-Vehicles and H2 Stations JARI-JHFCDistributed Co-generation System
US (Hydrogen Initiative, FutureGen), Europe, etc.and developing countries
METIw/o
NEDO
INTEGRATION
COLLABORATION
(354億円, M$ 300 for FY2005)
(B$ 1.2/5years, M$ 240/year)
consistent strategy
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OVERVIEW
CO2 + H2Fossil Fuel(Coal, Oil ..)
O2/CO2
Combustion
CO2 Recovery
Air-blownCombustion
CO2 Separationand Recovery
(MEA .. )
CO + H2
gasification shift reaction
Hydrogen Energy System(Fuel Cell,Hydrogen Turbine ..)
Renewable Energy(Wind, PV ..)
Electricity
H2 + O2 H2O
CO2 Sequestration(Ocean, Geological ..)
CO2 + H2
FutureGen (US)
steam reforming
exergy enhancement
[Short term]CO2 recovery and sequestration
[Medium term]Integration of fossil fuel, hydrogen and CO2 mitigation
[Far future]Hydrogen production from natural energies
Short, medium and long term scenario for CO2 mitigation and introducing hydrogen<Okazaki, J. Energy, 2004>
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Acid Raintechnology transferfrom Japan
CO2 Problemsonly increase of eff.is not enough, andnew strategies are definitely necessary.
Emissions of NOx and SOx from Fossil Fuel-Fired Power Stations
USA Canada UK France Germany Italy (average) JAPAN
Present Status of Clean Coal Technology
In Japan1 GW P.C. Stations
Net eff. > 40 %NOx < 100 ppm
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O2/CO2 (Oxy-firing) Coal CombustionConventional pulverized coal combustion
CO2 concentration in flue gas is about 13 %
Great energy consumption to separate CO2
O2/CO2 pulverized coal combustion
CO2 concentration in flue gas is enriched up
to 95 %Easy and efficient CO2 recovery
Small amount of exhausted gas (extremely low amount of NOx, SOx)
O2
Coal
Recycled gas
O2 productionAir Furnace
Practically realized by IshikawajimaharimaCo., Ltd.
ASU
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Drastic Reduction of CR* (Fuel-N to NOx) by Oxy-firing
Base case
Oxy-fuelO2 : 30%H.R.: 0%
Oxy-fuelO2 : 21%H.R.: 0%
Oxy-fuelO2 : 15%H.R.: 40%
ConventionalO2 : 21%H.R.: 0%
<Liu & Okazaki, FUEL, 2003>
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Power Plant site*Callide-A Power Stationof CS Energy
Sequestration site
Site map
Australia/Japan Oxy-firing Project
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NEDO:New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization
CCUJ(JCOAL)
IHI
Advisory Group:*Tokyo Institute of Technology*National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
*Electric Power Development Co.,Ltd.*Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry*Nippon Sanso Corporation*Research Institute of Innovate Technology for the Earth
Project manager
Coal 21
Electric companiesCoal suppliersResearch Gr.
Scheme
Australia/Japan Oxy-firing Project
Australia Japan
Application study of Oxy-firing technology in other region
Study of boiler conversion to Oxy-firing
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Coalfeed
Stack
Feed waterheater
PGF Inter-cooler
Air
Pre-cooler
CO2
Oxygen
GRF/FDF
Boiler
GAH/GGH
EP CO2compressors
Oxygenpre-heater
Air separationunits
Bag filter
Mill
Transportation(truck or railway or pipeline)
Storage(gas or liquid)Sequestration
(Coal seams or underground)
Recovery
CO2 liquefaction
InjectionTank
Japan
Aus.
Aus.(Direct gas Injection)
Australia/Japan Oxy-firing Project
Coalfeed
Stack
Feed waterheater
PGF Inter-cooler
Air
Pre-cooler
CO2
Oxygen
GRF/FDF
Boiler
GAH/GGH
EP CO2compressors
Oxygenpre-heater
Air separationunits
Bag filter
Mill
Transportation(truck or railway or pipeline)
Storage(gas or liquid)Sequestration
(Coal seams or underground)
Recovery
CO2 liquefaction
InjectionTank
Japan
Aus.
Aus.(Direct gas Injection)
Coalfeed
Stack
Feed waterheater
PGF Inter-cooler
Air
Pre-cooler
CO2
Oxygen
GRF/FDF
Boiler
GAH/GGH
EP CO2compressors
Oxygenpre-heater
Air separationunits
Bag filter
Mill
Transportation(truck or railway or pipeline)
Storage(gas or liquid)Sequestration
(Coal seams or underground)
Recovery
CO2 liquefaction
InjectionTank
Japan
Aus.
Aus.(Direct gas Injection)
Australia/Japan Oxy-firing Project
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OVERVIEW
CO2 + H2Fossil Fuel(Coal, Oil ..)
O2/CO2
Combustion
CO2 Recovery
Air-blownCombustion
CO2 Separationand Recovery
(MEA .. )
CO + H2
gasification shift reaction
Hydrogen Energy System(Fuel Cell,Hydrogen Turbine ..)
Renewable Energy(Wind, PV ..)
Electricity
H2 + O2 H2O
CO2 Sequestration(Ocean, Geological ..)
CO2 + H2
FutureGen (US)
steam reforming
exergy enhancement
[Short term]CO2 recovery and sequestration
[Medium term]Integration of fossil fuel, hydrogen and CO2 mitigation
[Far future]Hydrogen production from natural energies
Short, medium and long term scenario for CO2 mitigation and introducing hydrogen<Okazaki, J. Energy, 2004>
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CO2 Sequestration Projects in Japan
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direct dissolution typedirect dissolution type
CO2 droplet dissolution must finish before reaching to sea surfaceCO2 droplet dissolution must finish before reaching to sea surface
Control of released liquid CO2 droplet sizeControl of released liquid CO2 droplet size
Fundamental understanding of liquid CO2 injection behavior with hydrateFundamental understanding of liquid CO2 injection behavior with hydrate
Ocean Sequestrationby moving ship
We have almost developed this technologywithout additional effect on marine environment
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Atmospheric CO2 peak shaving by artificial dissolution of CO2 into ocean
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Sleipner Project - aquifer
Statoil – Norway
1MtCO2/year
From Statoil leaflet
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30CO2 Injection Experiment in Niigata Prefecture
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OVERVIEW
CO2 + H2Fossil Fuel(Coal, Oil ..)
O2/CO2
Combustion
CO2 Recovery
Air-blownCombustion
CO2 Separationand Recovery
(MEA .. )
CO + H2
gasification shift reaction
Hydrogen Energy System(Fuel Cell,Hydrogen Turbine ..)
Renewable Energy(Wind, PV ..)
Electricity
H2 + O2 H2O
CO2 Sequestration(Ocean, Geological ..)
CO2 + H2
FutureGen (US)
steam reforming
exergy enhancement
[Short term]CO2 recovery and sequestration
[Medium term]Integration of fossil fuel, hydrogen and CO2 mitigation
[Far future]Hydrogen production from natural energies
Short, medium and long term scenario for CO2 mitigation and introducing hydrogen<Okazaki, J. Energy, 2004>
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JHFC ProjectYEAR (FY) 2002 2003 2004
Vehicle Test
Facility
HydrogenStation Test
Test
GarageShowroom
HydrogenStation
Public RelationActivityActivity
Test Method
ConstructionOpening Expansion
ExtensionConstruction
Test Method
2005
Demo. Test, Data Acquisition, ValidationDemo. Test, Data Acquisition, Validation
Operation & Demo. Test, ValidationOperation & Demo. Test, Validation
OperationOperation
OperationOperation
Extension
Seminar Seminar Seminar Seminar
JHFC: Japan Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Demonstration Project
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Overall efficiency (fuel production eff. × running eff.)
Fuel Running Total efficiency (fuel eff. × running eff.)
(source : Toyota)
GasolineICV
GasolineHV
Comp. H2FCV
Comp. H2FCHV
target
Hybrid VehicleFuel Cell VehicleFuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle
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JHFC Demonstration JHFC Demonstration FCVsFCVs
Honda FCX
Toyota/Hino FCHV-BUS2
Toyota FCHV
Nissan X-TRAIL
DaimlerChrysler F-Cell
General Motors Hydrogen3MITSUBISHI FCV
Suzuki wagonR-FCV
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35JHFC Park (Garage・Showroom, Hydrogen Station)
Opening: March 12, 2003
GarageGarage
ShowroomShowroom
YokohamaYokohama--DaikokuDaikoku
Hydrogen StationHydrogen Station
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:constructed in 2002FY :constructed in 2003FY
Ome Hydrogen Station9
Relocatable Hydrogen Station6
Hadano Hydrogen Station7
Sagamihara Hydrogen Station8
Senju Hydrogen Station3
Ariake Hydrogen Station4
Kawasaki Hydrogen Station5
Yokohama-TsurumiHydrogen Station
10
Yokohama-AsahiHydrogen Station
2
Yokohama-DaikokuHydrogen Station
Garage-Showroom
1
1
2
3
4
510
7
8
9
6
Garage-ShowroomGarage-Showroom
50km50km
Hydrogen Stations in Metropolitan Area near Tokyo
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Ingredient Fuel Hydrogen
Well to Tank Tank to Wheel
Well toCharge Tank
Charge Tank toFuel Tank
Fuel Tank toWheel
Well to Wheel
Estimation from references
Data from hydrogen refueling station operation
Data from FCV demo test
Total efficiency using “real world data” will be shown.
Outline of Total efficiency estimationTotal Efficiency
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Driving Test Result-Energy Consumption(1)
FCV・ICV・HEV Comparison Result (with Vehicle Weight Modification)
20 40 60 80 100 120
HEV Average Line(Data Number=765)
ICV Average Line(Data Number=843)
0
10
20
30
40
50
ICV Group : Toyota Crugar, Nissan X-TRAIL、Honda CR-V, Opel Zafila, Mitsubishi Grandis, Suzuki wagonR
HEV Group : Toyota Prius, Former Prius, Estima Hybrid, Nissan Tino Hybrid, Honda Insight
FCV Group : Toyota FCHV, Nissan X-TRAIL FCV, Honda FCX, GM HydroGen3, DaimlerChlysler F-Cell,
Mitsubishi FCV, Suzuki wagonR-FCV
Gasoline Density : 0.729 kg/L
Gasoline Energy (LHV) : 45.1 MJ/kg
Hydrogen Energy (LHV) : 120 MJ/kg
FCV averaged vehicle weight : 1717 kg
FCV Average Line (Data Number=2006)
Vehicle Speed [km/h]
Energ
y consu
mption r
ate
(km
/L g
asolin
e e
quiv
alent)
Test Route : Disignated
Air Conditioner : ON
Compared with ICV and HEV, FCV showed better energy consumption rate per vehicle weight.
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Scenario to introduce FCVs, Stations and Stationary FCs (Japan’s target)
2005 <introduction> 2010 <popularization> 2020<full-popularization> 2030
Number of FCVs
50,000 5 million 15 million
Official vehicles, Buses
Freight trucks, Business cars
Public cars
Vehicle Types
Hydrogen Stations (Hydrogen Demand)
500 sites (40 k ton)
3500 sites (580 k ton)
8500 sites (1510 k ton)
Stationary Fuel Cell
2.2 GW 10 GW 12.5 GW
Durability Target
3,000 hrs (FC vehicle)
30,000 start & stop (FC vehicle)
~40,000 hrs (stationary)
5,000 hrs
60,000 times
90,000 hrs
Cost Target
Millions JP¥/kW (Stack cost for FC vehicle)
Millions JP¥ (System price for stationary FC)
4,000 JP¥/kW
400,000 JP¥
By Dr. Takenaka (AIST ) <Source: FCCJ, Fuel Cell Commercialization Conference of Japan>
Spread of Micro Grids
1.2 million/year
Commercialization
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Needed Innovations for PEFC
• Reliability --- longer duration time(back to the basic : mechanism of degradation)
• Much lower cost ( --- 1/100 )
• Higher efficiency --- less energy loss( in the membrane and on the catalytic surface )
• High efficiency catalyst( less platinum or alternative materials )
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H+
e-
Load
PEFC Structure
PEFC: Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell
Electrolyte(ex. Nafion)
H2
H+
:Pt
:C
O2
H+
Anode2H2→4H++4e-
CathodeO2+4H++4e-→2H2O
CF2CF2 CF
CFCF2
CF2
CF2O
CF2CF2
SO3-
CF2CF2SO3
-
O
CF2
CF2
CF2CF2CF
CF2CF2
CF2
CF2
CF2
SO3-
O
H2O H2O
H2O
X+
X+ X+
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WaterWater distribution
in PEM by MRI
ReactionElectron population
and transferon catalystby XAFS
Polymer ScienceElectrolyte membrane/
degradation
Catalysis/ElectrochemistryCatalytic reaction/Surface chemistry
Prof. Hirai,Assist. Prof. Tsushima
Prof. OkazakiAsso.Prof. Fushinobu
Prof. YamanakaProf. Okazaki
PEFC with
higher energy
efficiency and
durability
Catalyst and
Reaction Design:higher
activation and
durability
Optimization of FC system and operation:uniform and higher water content
In-situ diagnostics
Mechanism ofWater Transport
Water effect on catalyst activation under FC operation
Water effect on membrane degradation under FC operation
Physico-chemical structure of catalyston activation and degradation
Degradation Mechanismof Catalysis
Degradation Mechanismof polymer/membrane Membrane
Synthesis:higher
conductivity and
durabilityProf. Tanioka
Assist. Prof. Matsumoto
TITECH Interdisciplinary Research Project on PEFC with higher energy efficiency and durability in collaboration with Mech. Eng., Electrochemistry, Catalytic chemistry and Polymer science
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Qua
lity
of e
nerg
y
4. Another important feature of hydrogen is exergy enhancement using hydrogen as an energy carrier
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727 kJ/mol 286 x 3 = 858 kJ/mol
CH3OH + H2O = CO2 + 3H2
Heat value:
Low quality thermal energy (waste heat)
= 6 %( corresponding to100 ℃)
η=ΔGΔH
Exergy enhancement
Exergy enhancement of low quality thermal energyby steam reforming of methanol
endothermic
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Tokyo Institute of TechnologySchool of Engineering
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Multi-Path Hydrogen Production System from Coal or Biomasswith Exergy Enhancement using Waste Heat on Site
Coal, Biomass, etc.
HydrogenMethanol DME
H2:CO=1:0 H2:CO=2:1 H2:CO=1:1
H2O, O2
GasificationFurnace
Self Heat Recirculation 0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
0 100 200H2O/C6H10O5
Yiel
d [m
ol/m
ol C
6H10
O5]
H2COCH4
Low quality waste heat of 200-300℃ is enhancedto high quality chemical energy of hydrogen, on site
WasteHeat & Steam
Control ofH2/CO ratioby changing steam supply
<Okazaki, HESS, 2004>
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5. Visions for the future prospect of hydrogen energyLong term strategyLong term strategy
• Introducing a large amount of natural energy ( x 100-1000 )• World hydrogen energy network
Realistic intermediate scenarioRealistic intermediate scenario (time scale, spatial scale)(even if the net contribution is very small at present)
• Hydrogen vehicle (PEFC)• Infrastructure, refueling station, hydrogen community• Advanced system of multilateral utilization of hydrogen
combined with CCS (Carbon Capture and Sequestration)• Exergy enhancement of low temperature waste heat using
hydrogen as an energy carrier• Optimization of distributed energy system (PEFC, MGT)• Efficient hydrogen production from fossil fuels and biomass• Lower cost and longer lifetime of PEFC• Establishing safety and public acceptance
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48System integration as a realistic intermediate scenario toward hydrogen society
productiontransportationstorageutilization
Integration of hydrogen production from fossil fuels with CO2 sequestration
Exergy enhancement of low quality waste energy by using hydrogen as an intermediate energy carrier
Technology development for system integration based on advanced utilization of hydrogen< interface, matching of quantity and rate >< inter-industry collaboration >< co-production >
Sophisticated integration as a total system, not solely by increasing the efficiency of individual technologies, will lead to breakthroughs achieved only by using hydrogen
Individual technologies
< Comprehensive measures against global warming >< Only efficiency increase faces a limit in CO2 mitigation > < Exergy enhancement >
More renewable energy
<Okazaki, J. Energy, 2004>