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RULES FREQUENCY ORDER STEMMER FOR MALAY LANGUAGE
A review for Information Retrieval Subject :
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GROUP MEMBERS
AHMAD KAMAL HARIDAN JAJULI P61037
NADIA BINTI KAMARUDIN P61026
ZURINA BINTI ZOLKAFFLY P61066
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INTRODUCTION (WHAT IS STEMMING ALGORITHM?)
Stemming algorithm : computational procedure that will reduce all the inflectional derivational variants of words to a common form called the stem
Removing all or some of the affixes attached to the word.
Example : group,groups,grouped group
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INTRODUCTION ( WHAT IS RFO? )
developed based on Rules Application Order (RAO) approach. adding a few appropriate affixes into the list
of rules, modifications of the spelling variations rules adding a few missing words into the
dictionary of root sorting in decreasing order according to the
frequency of rule’s usage in previous stemming.
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MALAY AFFIXES
Infix
El Em Er in
Prefix - suffix
ber…an ber…kan di…i Ke…
anMen…i
Men…kan
Memper…i
Pen…an Per…an Se…
nya
SuffixI An Kan lah nya
Prefix
di Ke Se Ver Men Pen per ter
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RULES FORMATS
PREFIX + + SUFFIX PREFIX + SUFFIX +INFIX+
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DISCUSSION
Experiment Evaluate Summary
Source of translation : Quranic Collection
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TOOLS
RFOList of
Affixes rules
Spelling Variation
rules -Ahmad
Root word dictionary SISDOM98
Stop words-Ahmad
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EXPERIMENT ( RAO VS RAO2 VS NRAO VS RFO )
Test 1 = pr – ps – su – in Test 2 = pr – su – ps – in Test 3 = ps - pr – su – in Test 4 = ps – su – pr – in Test 5 = su – pr – ps – in Test 6 = su – ps – pr – in Test 7 = alphabetical
Legend :
pr = Prefix ps = Prefix – Suffix su = Suffix in = Infix alphabetical = the
alphabetical order of all rules
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ROADMAP FOR NEW MALAY STEMMER
RAO•Ahmad Algorithm•Dict.Root word•Spelling Variation•List of Affixes
RAO2•Ahmad Algorithm•Modified Dict. Root word•Modified Speeling Variation •Modified list of rules
NRAO•Modified Algorithm•RAO2 Dict root word•RAO2 spelling variation•RAO2 list of rules
RFO •NRAO2 funtionality•Sort d creasing order of frequent rules.
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COMPARISON BETWEEN THE STEMMER
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ERROR FOUND IN TEST 7 FOR RFO
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UNIQUE ERROR USING RFO STEMMER
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GENERAL TYPES OF CONSTRAINT
Quantitative
•Minimum stem length after the removal of affix•Prefix & suffix min. Length =2•Prefix – Suffix & Infix min. Length = 3
ReCoding
•Spelling rules – spelling exception & variation•Handle by program because of complexity•Apply for Prefix , Prefix- Suffix & Suffix•First letters of root words need to be dropped when combined with these Affixes
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SPELLING EXCEPTION ( RECODING )
Prefixes
Suffix
* Sample notation rules : Men + c, d, sy, t, z
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RFO ALGORITHM FLOWCHART
Step 1 • Get the next word until the last word
Step 2 •Check the word against the dictionary; if it appears in the dictionary, the word is the root word and goto Step-1;
Step 3 •Step-3: Get the next rule; if no more rules available, the word is considered as a root word and goto Step-1;
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CONT…
Step 4 •Step-4: Apply the rule on the word to get a stem;
Step 5 •Perform recoding for prefix spelling exceptions and check the dictionary;
Step 6 •If the stem appears in the dictionary, the stem is the root of the word and goto Step-1; else goto Step-7;
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CONT…
Step 7 •Check the stem from Step-4 for spelling variations and check the dictionary;
Step 8 •If the stem appears in the dictionary, the stem is the root of the word and goto Step-1; else goto Step-9;
Step 9 •Perform recoding for suffix spelling exceptions and check the dictionary;
Step 10 •If the stem appears in the dictionary, the stem is the root of the word and goto Step-1; else goto Step-3;
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RFO EVALUATION
Compression Achived
Reduce Error
Stemmer
Distinct Word
Compression
RAO 2667 61.4%
RFO 2602 62.3%
• RFO is an improvement because it returns less distinct words and higher compression percentage
Stemmer
Number of errors
Percentage of errors
RAO 93 4.4%
RFO 30 1.4%
• RFO also recorded the least amount of errors
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SUMMARY
From the experiments performed, it is found that :
- The order of rules to use is not necessary to follow any order of affixes types.
-Let the rules sorted in alphabetical order for the first pass, and for the second pass, sort the rules according to usage frequency of each rule.
- Experiments showed that the new approaches in stemming are better than other Malay stemmer as RAO by Ahmad.
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