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CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF PALEONTOLOGY
THE UNIVERSITY O MICHIG N
VOL. 24, NO. 18, p . 190-203 2
pls.,
text-figs.
M RCH 1,1977
A SMALL COLLECTION O F FOSSIL VERTEBRATE S
FROM THE MIDDLE EOCENE KULDAN A A ND KOHAT
FORMATIONS O F PUNJAB PAKISTAN)
PHILIP
D.
GINGERICH
MUSEUM OF PALEONTOLOGY
T H E U N IV E RSIT Y O F M ICH IG A N
ANN ARBOR
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CONTRIBUTIONS FROM T HE MUSEUM OF PALEONTOLOGY
Gerald R . Smith Director
Robert V. Kesling Editor
The series of contributions from the Museum of Paleontology is a medium for the
publication of papers based chiefly upon the collection in the Museum. When the number
of pages issued is sufficient t o make a volume a title page and a table of conte nts will be
sent t o libraries on the m ailing list and t o individuals upo n request. A list of the separate
papers may also be obta ine d. Correspondence should be directed to the Museum of
Paleo ntology The University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan
8109.
VOLS.
11-XXIV.
Parts of volumes may be o btained if available. Price lists available
upon inquiry.
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A SMALL COLLECTION OF FO SSIL VERTEBRATE S
FROM THE MIDDLE EOCENE KULDA NA AN D KO HAT
FORMATIONS OF PUNJAB PAKISTAN)
BY
Philip D . Gingerich
Abstract.-In 19 75 the au tho r made a new collection of fossil verte brates from the
Middle Eocene Kuldana and Kohat Form ations in the Kala Chitta mountains of the
Punjab Province in Pakistan. Ve rtebrate s were f oun d a t twelve localities in the vicinity
of Lamm idhan and Ch harat. All of the identifiable mamm als came fro m Lam midh an.
Two additional mammal specimens from Lammidhan in the British Museum (Natural
History) are also described and illustrated fo r the first time .
It is suggested tha t Gandakasia may b e a primitive cetacean ra ther than a meso-
nychid co ndy larth. The new artiodactyl genus Lamm idhania is proposed for the
anthra cothe re species Anthracobu ne wardi Pilgrim, 19 40 .
Discovery of a small concentration of mammal specimens at one locality suggests
that there is very good potential for the discovery of additional middle Eocene mam-
mals in the K uldana Form ation and its lateral equivalents.
INTRODUCTION
The Eocene vertebrate faunas of Europe and North America are now relatively well known, and
our knowledge of the Eocene faunas of central Asia is increasing.
It appears that a series of broad
holarctic migrations t oo k place at the beginning of th e Eoc ene, establishing a relatively hom ogen eous
fauna in No rth America, Eur op e, and central Asia just be fore these three con tinenta l areas became
isolated from each oth er. This unified faun a diversified rapid ly, with distinctive mammalian groups
evolving t o d omin ate each region. In the late Eocene and early Oligocene anoth er series of migra-
tions mixed elements of each of these faunas. The whole Tertiary history of mammals in the north-
ern hemisphere can be seen as a series of five or so cycles of pangeographic migration, endemic
deve lopm ent, followed by pangeographic mig ration, et c. Climate seems to have played an im po rtan t
role in the origin and dispersal of new mammalian groups, at the beginning of the Eocene at least
(see Gingerich,
1976 ,
and it is important, whenever possible, that mammalian faunas in equatorial
regions be sampled, since these regions appear plausibly to be centers of origination for a majority
of new higher taxa. Thus the faun as in the southern parts of each of the northern con tinents are of
special interest. Th e Eocene mamm alian fauna of the Indo-Pakistan subco ntinen t is one such ex-
ample.
The Eocene faun a of Indo-Pakistan is of particular interest for an oth er reason. It is generally
agreed that the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent moved northward during the late Cretaceous and early
Tertiary, joining the central Asian continent sometime during the Eocene. Better knowledge of the
early Tertiary land mammal faunas of Indo-Pakistan should help to date the time of first substantial
190
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VERTEBRATES FROM THE EOC ENE O F PUNJAB (PAKISTAN)
Anthracobune ?)wardi (Lammidhan, ?Jhalar)
Anthracotheridae ?) nde t. (Safed T ob ah , Jhalar)
HELOHYIDAE
?)
Khirtharia dayi
(Lamm idhan, ?Jhalar)
CREODONTA
MESONYCHIDAE
Genus indet., sp. n. (Safed Toba h)
Additional fossil vertebrates were collected from the general vicinity of Lammidhan and Jhalar
by a German expedition from Munich, all being described as coming from Ganda Kas. Unf or-
tu na te ly , no m ore precise locality or stratigraphic in form ation has ever been published for any of
these specimens. This collection was described by Dehm and Oettingen-Spielberg (1958), who
expanded the fauna from the area to include the following species:
TAENIODONTA
STYLINODONTINAE ?)
Basalina basalensis
gen. e t sp. nov.
Taeniodont indet.
CREODONTA
MESONYCHIDAE
Gandakasia potens
gen. et sp. nov.
Ichthyolestes pinfoldi
gen. et sp. nov.
Creodont indet.
(Ichthyolestes?)
Creodont indet.
CONDYLARTHRA
HYOPSODONTIDAE
Promioclaenus? gandaensis sp. nov.
PERISSODACTYLA
BRONTOTHERIIDAE
Eotitanops? da yi sp. nov.
HELALETIDAE
Teleolophus? daviesi
sp. nov.
Helaletid indet.
ARTIODACTYLA
DICHOBUNIDAE
Haqueina haquei gen. et sp. nov.
Khirtharia d ayi Pilgrim
Pilgrimella pilgrimi
gen. et sp. nov.
Pilgrimella wardi (Pilgrim)
Anthraco bune pin foldi Pilgrim
Anthracobune? daviesi
Pilgrim
Van Valen (1965) subsequently transferred the above species 'Fromioclaenus? gandaensis to
a new genus
Dulcidon,
which he placed in the insectivore or condylarth family Paroxyclaenidae.
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VERTEBRATES RO M T H E E O C E N E O F PU N J A B PA K ISTA N )
94
J
Kilometers
1 2 Miles
Streams
Footpaths
and above 15 00 ft
Paved Road
. Milepost
ossil Locality
TEXT-FIG. 2- Map showing middle Eocene foss i l loca l i t ies a t Lammidhan on the road be tween Basa l and Camp-
bellpore see text and tes t- f ig. 4 .
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P. D.
GINGERICH
dilian d enta ry, and coprolites. Also, this locality yielded to oth fragments, an edentulous mandible
fragm ent, a com plete proximal en d of a fem ur, and pieces of long bones of mammals. The collec-
tion from this locality is catalogued as UM 65858.
Locality
6: Kuldan a F orm atio n. This locality is in variegated red and violet beds in the valley west
of milepost 60.4 on the Basal-Campbellpore road, and it has yielded
Planorbis
a broken shark s
to ot h, broken bone of fish, turtle s, and crocodilians, coprolites, and a to oth fragme nt, vertebrae,
and bro ken phalanges of mammals (all catalogued as UM 658 59) .
Locality 7:
Red, yellow, and green shales of the Kuldana Formation near the village of Chharat,
typ e locality of th e Chhara t S eries. Beds in this area are nearly vertical, and platy limestones of the
Koh at Form ation are exposed just to the nort h of this locality. Th e locality yielded fragme nts of
crabs, turtle bone, crocodilian teeth and bone, and a fragment of a mammal tooth (all catalogued
as UM 65860).
Locality :
Kuldana Formation, about one-tenth of a mile west of Locality 7 and on the south side
of the tra ck . The stratigraphy in this area is comp licated by faultin g, and the relationship of this
locality to Locality 7 is no t clear. This locality yielded a large ?cranial bone fragment of a fish,
reptilian bone fragm ents, coprolites, and a weathere d mamm alian phalanx (UM 6 586 1).
Locality
9: Goo d exposures in the Kuldana F ormation six-tenths of a mile west of L ocality 8 ,
on b oth sides of the track along a small dry strea mb ed. Exposure s farther west of this loca lity
were prospected and some bo ne fragments were fo und . Locality 9 yielded only a crab claw, and
bone fragments of fish and reptiles (UM 65862).
Locality
10:
Kuldan a F or m atio n. This locality is in a bed of fine-to-coarse grained clastic carb ona te
that is abo ut three feet (1 m) thic k. The locality is on the sout h side of the hill straight west of
milepost 60 .4 on the Basal-Campbellpore road. broken shark s too th , fish and reptile bo ne , and
coprolites (UM 65863) were found here, and a mammalian mandible with a deciduous premolar in
the British Museum (BMNH M-15806) is preserved in a block of matrix of the same lithology.
Locality
:
Kuldana Form atio n. This locality is in
a
westward continuation of the same beds
exposed at L ocality 5 , in an area straight west of Locality 2 and milepost 59.7 on the Basal-Camp-
bellpore roa d. Locality 11 was the richest locality discovered, yielding
Planorbis
a shark s too th,
reptilian bone, and a vertebra and carpal bones of mammals (all catalogued as UM 65865). In addi-
tio n, associated fragments of a b ony fish are catalogued as UM 6 58 64 , and the following mamm al
specimens were collected in a small area of sharply eroding red badlands near the west end of the
exposure (see text-fig.
3).
All were fou nd within a square 15 feet (5 m) on a side, near the very
highest level of the red bed s:
Ichthyolestes pinfoldi
Dehm and Oe ttingen, left P, (UM 65869 )
Haqueina haqtiei
Dehm and O ettingen, left M2 (UM 65 867 )
Khirtharia day i
Pilgrim, lef t mandible with P4 (UM 65870)
Lammidhania wardi
(Pilgrim), left astragalus (UM 6 58 72 )
A
small artiodactyl astragalus of
?Haqueina haquei
(UM 65 871 ) was found in the clastic carbonate
bed forming a low ridge in the eastern part of Locality
11
about 50
(1
5 m) below the m ain mamm al
locality stratigraphically.
Locality
12: Kuldana For ma tion. Abun dant bone was fo un d coming ou t of green marls in a small
exposure across the road to the west of Locality 2 , near milepost 59.8 on the Basal-Campbellpore
road.
Planorbis
and a high-spired gastropod, crocodilian and turtle bon e, coprolites, and mam malian
bone were foun d here (UM 658 66) .
Localities 2-6 and 10-1 2 are in the Lamm idhan area o n the road between Basal and Campbellpore
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TEXT-FIG. 3
Locality
11.
Upper figure shows a general view lookin 3 north east across the valley of Locality
1 1
towa rd the village of Gan da Kas in the distance. Area yieldins a conce ntratio n of mammal speci-
mens is in red beds in the lower lef t corner of th e photopraph. Lower f igure a lso looking north -
east shows a closer view o f the area yielding mammalian tee th and bone . Specimens were fou nd
on the s lope in the lef t center of the pho tograph.
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197 P
D.
GINGERICH
Koha t Form ation Kuldana Form ation
fianorbis
L e v e l
,LOCALITY 2
Level of LOCALITY 12
Bone Level
of
LOCALITIES 5 I
/ I
A 97
A60
A
NUMMULITE PLA TY Green
Red
SHALE LIMESTONE VAR IEGA TED BE DS
TEXT-FIG.
4
Stratigraphic relationships of localities at Lammidhan.
Diagrammatic section taken along the
BasalCampbellpore road between mileposts 59.7 and 60.1.
2
miles
1 4miles
9
-
i.3miles
To
CAMPBELLPORE
TEXT-FIG.
5
Map showing middle Eocene fossil localities along the track leading to Chharat, west of the Fateh-
jangCampbellpore road. All are in the Kuldana Formation see text).
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VERTEBRATES FROM THE EOCENE O F PUNJAB (PAKISTAN)
198
(see text-fig . 2). Th e stratigraphic positions of the localities, where kn ow n, are shown in text-figure
4 . Localities 7 -9 are in the Chharat area and can be reached by driving no rth from Fatehjang on the
road t o Campbellpore for
3
miles, then driving west on a dirt track past the prom inent white shrine
fo r 1.3 miles (see tex t-fig . 5).
NOTES ON T HE FOSS IL MAMMALS FROM LAMM IDHAN
The new collection fro m Lamm idhan described here includes representatives of fo ur genera:
Gandakasia Ichthyolestes Haqueina and Khirtharia. In addition, undescribed specimens of two
additional genera,
Anthracobune
and
Lammidhania
g. nov. were discovered in the British Museum
(Natu ral Histo-ry) collection fro m Lam mid han . Each of these is discussed briefly below .
Gandakasia potens
Dehm an d Oettingen-Spielberg, 19 58
Pl. 1 figs. l 2
Gandakasia
has very large, distinctive molars with a characteristic notch in the anterior margin.
Th e specimen foun d at Locality 2 (UM 658 68) preserves most of the crow n, bu t the talonid has been
broken off. Th e dentition of this genus is to o poorly known t o permit determination of which toot h
in the m olar series is represented. Because of breakage the length of the to ot h cannot be estimated.
Its maximum width is 8.6 mm .
Dehm and Oettingen-Spielberg (19 58 , p. 1 5) suggested tha t the maxilla of a mes ony chid described
by Pilgrim (19 40, see pl. 1 , fig. 1 0 here) from Safed Tobah m ight belong to
Gandakasia
bu t, having
studied the specimens in question, it is difficult to see how the lower teeth of
Gandakasia
would
occlude with te eth o f the confo rmation suggested by t he Safed Tobah specimen.
It is also wo rthy of note th at this specimen of
Gandakasia
is the only mamm al found in the Kohat
Form ation , which represents a distinctly more marine facies than the underlying Kuldana beds. The
possibility exists that Gandakasia is a primitive archaeocete rather than a mesonychid c ond ylarth .
Ichthyolestes pinfoldi Dehm and Oettingen-Spielberg, 19 58
P1. 1 , fig. 3
UM 6 586 9 is a partially erup ted left lower premo lar, probably P z . Th e length of the too th is
approximately 11 mm , and the width is 4.6 mm. Judging from its size and morphology, the to oth
probably represents
Ichthyolestes pinfoldi.
Haqueina haquei Dehm and Oettingen-Spielberg, 1958
P1. 1 , fig. 4
UM 65867 is a broken left upper molar, probably
M
The size of the tooth cannot be measured
accurately, bu t it is of the correct size and m orphology to occlude with the lower teeth of Haqueina
haquei.
An astragalus, UM 6 587 1 measuring approxim ately 8.2 mm in bread th across the proximal troch-
lea, is slightly narrower than the astragalus of Khirtharia dayi in the British Museum (BMNH 15 80 0,
measuring approximately 21 mm
in
leng th, 1 0 mm in breadth across the distal trochlea, and 10.5 mm
across the proximal trochlea). The specimen was found several meters below the to ot h of Haqueina
haquei
stratigraphically, bu t it probab ly belongs to this species.
Khirtharia dayi
Pilgrim, 1940
PI. 1 , figs. 5-7
A newly discovered left mandible fragment
UM
65870) is the first specimen of
Khirtharia
pre-
serving a premolar. Th e premolar, measuring 6.9
r r
in length and 4.6 mm
in
wi dt h, was still in th e
process of erupting.
An
x-radiograph of the mandible revealed no erupting crown under the roots
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199 P. D. GINGERICH
preserved behind this too th , confirming th at the t oo th in question is P4 and the preserved ro ots
were for M I . Comparison with molars of Khirtharia day i described by Pilgrim (1940), and Dehm
and Oettingen-Spielberg (19.58) shows that P4 was very small relative to molar size in this genus, as
in the related Bunodentus from the ?middle Eocene locality of Kalakot in Jammu-Kashmir (see
Ranga Rao, 197 2).
Anthracobune pinfoldi Pilgrim, 1940
P1.2, figs. 1-4
The type specimen of
Anthracobune pinfoldi
includes left and right mandible fragments each pre-
serving p arts of M Z- 3. While studying the type specimen in the British Museum (BMNH 157 92 ), it
was discovered t ha t an isolated molar trigonid (BMNH 157 94) fits on to the left M2 of the typ e
specimen (see pl. 2, figs. 1-2). n isolated MI (BMNH 32 169 ) that undoubtedly belongs to this
species was discovered in the collection from Lammidhan (see pl. 2, figs. 3 4 ) . This MI measures
25.5 mm in length and 16.3 mm in width . Furthermo re, comparison of the type specimen of
Anthra-
cob une f?) daviesi
Pilgrim, 19 40 (BMNH 15 79 5, a left maxilla w ith P ~ - ~r P2-3) indicates tha t it is
surely conspecific with
Anthracobune pinfoldi,
and
it
may possibly be part of the same individual
animal as the type specimen of
A. pinfoldi.
Lammidhania
new genus
Lammidhania wardi
(Pilgrim, 1940)
P1. 2, figs. 5-6
Pilgrim (1940) referred a third Lammidhan species, Anthracobune(?) wardi, questionably to
the genus
Anthracobune.
Dehm and Oettingen-Spielberg (1958) recognized that this species cer-
tainly does no t belong to Anthracobune, and placed it in their new genus Pilgrimella. An undescribed
M3 fro m Lamm idhan in t he British Museum almost certain ly belongs t o this species. The species was
previously know n only from the typ e specimen, th e broken talonid of a lower molar, and thus the
new M3 ad ds considerably to o ur knowledge of the species. The M3 (BMNH 32 168 ) measures
32.7 mm in length and 15.6 mm in width. The ty pe specimen (BMNH 1579 9), probably the talonid
of M I , measures 12.7 mm in width. Considering the specimens now know n, it is clear tha t this
species does not b elong in th e genus
Pilgrimella.
Dehnl and Oettingen-Spielberg (1958) identified the type specimen of
Pilgrimella pilgrimi,
an
isolated u pper mo lar, as an
M
From the arrangement o f the cusps on the specimen, it appears more
likely th at it is an M ~ .n either case, the new M3 of
A.
wardi
mentioned above indicates that the
species wardi had tee th significantly larger than tho se of Pilgrimella pilgrimi. Furthermo re, the lower
molars of wardi are to o selenodont t o occlude with upper molars of the morphology of Pilgrimella.
Th us Pilgrim s species
wardi
is here placed in th e new genus
Lammidhania.
It differs from
Pilgrimella
in being more selenodont. Lammidhania appears to be a primitive anthracotherid. Additional more
comp lete specimens are required to permit mo re detailed comparisons.
An isolated astragalus fou nd a t Locality 11 (UM 6 58 72 , pl. 1, figs. 8 , 9) probably belongs to
Lammidhania wardi,
or possibly to
Pilgrimella pilgrimi.
The astragalus measures 35.7 mm in total
leng th, 15.0 m m in width across the distal troch lea, and 14.6 mm in width across the proximal
trochlea.
PLATE 1.- (Figs. 1-7 x2 , 8-10 natur al size) FIGS.
1 2-
Gandakasia potens from Lammidhan,
UM
65868 ,
trigonid of lower molar; 1 stereo photo grap h of occlusal view; 2, lateral view. 3- Ichthyolestes pinfoldi f rom
Lammidhan,
UM
65869, left lower premolar, stereophotograph of lateral view.
4- Haqueina haquei
from Lammi-
dhan , UM 658 67, left upper molar, stereophotograph of occlusal view.
5, 6- Khirtharia dayi f rom Lammidhan,
UM
65870, left mandible fragment with P4 and roots of MI; 5 , stereophotograph of occlusal view; 6 , stereo-
pho tograp h of lateral view. 7-
Khirtharia dayi TYPE
f rom Lammidhan,
BMNH
157 96, left m andible fragment
with M2, lateral view. 8 , 9- Larnmidhania wardi o r Pilgrimella pilgrimi from Lamm idhan, UM 65 87 2, left astraga-
lus; 8 , stereopho tograp h of dorsal view; 9, stereo pho tograp h of ventral view.
10-
Mesonychid from Safed Tobah,
BMNH
158 05, edentulous m axilla, stereopho tograph of occlusal view.
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201 P.
D.
GINGERICH
CONCLUSIONS
The following fauna of middle Eocene mammals is now known from Lammidhan.
U
except
Gandakasia come from the Kuldana beds:
?CONDYLARTHRA
?MESONYCHIDAE
Ichthyolestes pinfoldi
?CETACEA
?PROTOCETIDAE
Gandakasia potens
Kohat Formation)
ARTIODACTYLA
DICHOBUNIDAE
Khirtharia da yi
Haqueina haquei
ANTHRACOTHERIDAE
Anthraco bun e pin foldi
Lamm idhania wardi
?Pilgrimella pilgrimi
The most imp ortan t conclusion, based on discovery of the small concentration of fossil mammals
at Locality 11 , is that there is very good pote ntial for the discovery of additional middle Eocene
mamm als in the Kuldana Form ation and its lateral equivalents.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It is a pleasure to acknowledge the generous assistance and encouragement of Dr. Ibrahim Shah,
Director, and Mr. Mahmood Raza, Assistant Director, Paleontology and Stratigraphy Branch, Geo-
logical Survey of Pakistan. Similarly, I tha nk Professor David Pilbeam, Yale University, for his
assistance and encouragem ent. Fund s for field work were provided through th e Smithsonian Foreign
Currency Program.
Museum research was conducted during tenure of a NATO Postdoctoral Fellowship at the Uni-
versitk de Montpellier. I am grateful t o Drs. A. G entry , P. Andrews, and Mr.
J.
Hooker, British
Museum Natural History), Lon don , and Professor R . Deh m and Dr . N. Schm idt-Kittler, Munich,
for assistance in studyi ng collections in their care. Dr. D. E . Russell, Paris, provided casts of some
of the type specimens described by Dehm and Oettingen-Spielberg.
In Ann Arbor, Mr. T. Abdelnour made the x-radiograph of the mandible of
Khirtharia
R. G.
Habetler and
G.
Gunnel1 cleaned a nd catalogued th e new collection, and Mrs. Gladys Newton typed
the manuscript.
PLA TE 2.- All figures natural size) FIGS. 1 , 2 -
nthracobune pinfoldi
TYP from Lammidhan, BMNH 157 92
and 15 79 4, left mandible with M2-3; 1, stereophotog raph of occlusal view; 2, lateral view. 3 ,4 -
nthracobune
pinfoldi
from L amm idhan, BMNH 32169 , right mandible fragment with MI ; 3 stereophotograph of occlusal view;
4, lateral view.
5 6-
Lammidhania wardi
from Lammidhan, BMNH 32168, left mandible fragment with MJ;
5
stereo pho togra ph of occlusal view; 6 , lateral view.
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2 3
P
D. GINGERICH
LITERATURE CITED
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1938.
Fossil mammals from Burma
in
the American Museum of Natural History: Bull. Am er.
Mus. Nat. Hist., v. 74 p. 255-436.
DEHM, R., and OETTINGEN-SPIELBERG, T.
1958.
Palaontologische und geologische Untersuchungen
im
Tertiar
von Pakistan.
2 . Die mitteleocanen Saugetiere von Ganda Kas bei Basal
in
Nordwest-Pakistan: Ab h. Bayer.
Akad. Wiss., Math-Nat. Kl., v.
91
p.
1-54.
FATMI, A. N.
1974.
Lithostratigraphic units of the Kohat-Potwar province, Indu s Basin, Pakistan: Mem. Geol.
SUN. Pakistan, v. 10 p. 1-80.
GINGERICH, P. D.
1976. Cranial ana tom y and evolution of early Tertiary Plesiadapidae Mamm alia, Primates):
Univ. Mich. Pap. Paleon t., v. 15 p. 1-140.
LYDEKKER, R.
1887.
Th e fossil Verteb rata of India: Records Geol. Surv. India, v.
20
p.
1-79.
PILGRIM, G. E.
1940.
Middle Eocene mam mals from north-west Pakistan: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon don , ser. B,
v. 110 p. 127-152.
PILGRIM, G. E., and C OTTER , G. d e P.
1915.
Som e newly discovered Eocene mammals from Burma. Rec. Geol.
Surv. India, v. 47 p. 42-77.
RADINSKY,
L.
1965. Early Tertiary Tapiroid ea of Asia: Bull. Am er. Mus. Nat. Hist., v. 129 p. 181-264.
RANGA RAO, A.
1972. New ma mm alian genera and species from K alakot zon e of Himalayan fo ot hills near
Ka lako t, Jammu-Kashmir St ate , India: Special Pap. Oil Nat. Gas Com m., Dera D un, v. 1, p. 1-22.
SAHNI, A., and KUMAR,
V.
1974. Palaeogene palaeobiogeography of the Indian subcontinent: Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 15 p. 209-226.
SZALAY, F.
S.,
and GOULD,
S
J .
1966.
Asiatic Mesonychidae Mamm alia, Cond ylarthra): Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., v.
132
p.
127-174.
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