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A Vision for MSBB –Towards Biodiversity Conservation and
Sustainable Development
ErachErach BharuchaBharuchaDirector
Bharati VidyapeethInstitute of Environment Education and Research, PuneEmail: [email protected] Phone No. 020-24375684
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The big questions….
• The conceptual framework for avision for the MSBB
• The linkages between conservationand sustainable use in Maharashtra
• Strategic outputs for MSBB
• The conceptual framework for avision for the MSBB
• The linkages between conservationand sustainable use in Maharashtra
• Strategic outputs for MSBB
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The concepts• Biodiversity conservation is one of the major pillars of
sustainable development.• “Sustainable Development” requires economic growth,
societal equity and preserving ecological functions……• “Biodiversity conservation” and its sustainable use,
brings about economic support for local people, as itincludes rational and scientific ecosystem management,equitable use of resources and conservation of localecosystem goods and services. This includes genetic,species and ecosystem diversity
• Thus there are close parallels between the concepts onconservation and sustainable use and the strategies fora better world
• Biodiversity conservation is one of the major pillars ofsustainable development.
• “Sustainable Development” requires economic growth,societal equity and preserving ecological functions……
• “Biodiversity conservation” and its sustainable use,brings about economic support for local people, as itincludes rational and scientific ecosystem management,equitable use of resources and conservation of localecosystem goods and services. This includes genetic,species and ecosystem diversity
• Thus there are close parallels between the concepts onconservation and sustainable use and the strategies fora better world
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Background
• Historically both concepts, that ofprotecting all forms of life, and usingresources sustainably are not new toIndia.
• Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism….• Using resources for people’s needs but
not for greed – Mahatma Gandhi…
• Historically both concepts, that ofprotecting all forms of life, and usingresources sustainably are not new toIndia.
• Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism….• Using resources for people’s needs but
not for greed – Mahatma Gandhi…
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The needsWhat does the Convention on Biodiversity require?• Nations are custodians of their own biodiversity as a contribution to global
sustainability of Earth Resources.What does India’s Biodiversity Act of 2004 require?• Conservation of Biological resources with equitable and sustainable use of
its products.The strategy enshrined in the Act requires…….• BMCs – Primary function.• PBRs – Database with validation.• Equitable access and Benefit sharing strategy.• Notifying Biodiversity Heritage Sites.What does Maharashtra require…..• Preservation of all its ecosystems.• Preservation of all wild species.• Preservation of all genetic variations both
– Wild relatives of potentially useful species, Cultivars, Livestock breeds.
What does the Convention on Biodiversity require?• Nations are custodians of their own biodiversity as a contribution to global
sustainability of Earth Resources.What does India’s Biodiversity Act of 2004 require?• Conservation of Biological resources with equitable and sustainable use of
its products.The strategy enshrined in the Act requires…….• BMCs – Primary function.• PBRs – Database with validation.• Equitable access and Benefit sharing strategy.• Notifying Biodiversity Heritage Sites.What does Maharashtra require…..• Preservation of all its ecosystems.• Preservation of all wild species.• Preservation of all genetic variations both
– Wild relatives of potentially useful species, Cultivars, Livestock breeds.
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ActionsHow do we do this through the MSBB?• Strategic planning….• Data management and research.• Prioritizing actions.• Monitoring mechanism.• Specialized target specific training.• Reporting to all stake holders and developing
transparency.• Supporting “Traditional Knowledge”• Providing appropriate education and awarenss of
biodiversity values.
How do we do this through the MSBB?• Strategic planning….• Data management and research.• Prioritizing actions.• Monitoring mechanism.• Specialized target specific training.• Reporting to all stake holders and developing
transparency.• Supporting “Traditional Knowledge”• Providing appropriate education and awarenss of
biodiversity values.
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Biodiversity information and itsrelevance
• India has duel information systems onbiodiversity conservation.
• Traditional knowledge systems (TKS)• Modern education and research• The disconnect….
• India has duel information systems onbiodiversity conservation.
• Traditional knowledge systems (TKS)• Modern education and research• The disconnect….
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Maharashtra – A unique State
• Maharashtra’s diverse ecosystems requiredifferent approaches:
• Northern forests – Central Highlands of India –Tribal country.
• Deccan plateau grassland – Semiarid agricultureand pasture land.
• Western Ghats – ESAs High biodiversity andhigh fragility – Hotspecks.
• Coastal region – Ecosystem services andmarine resources – CRZ.
• Maharashtra’s diverse ecosystems requiredifferent approaches:
• Northern forests – Central Highlands of India –Tribal country.
• Deccan plateau grassland – Semiarid agricultureand pasture land.
• Western Ghats – ESAs High biodiversity andhigh fragility – Hotspecks.
• Coastal region – Ecosystem services andmarine resources – CRZ.
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The traditional knowledge andculture of Maharashtra
TKS preservation….• Northern forests – Korku, Bhil, Gondh, Pardhi.• Deccan plateau – Semiarid farmers and their cultivars,
Dhangar and their pastures• Western Ghats – Warli, Kokana, Kathkari, Mahadeo Koli• Sacred Groves, water sources• Coastal region – Koli fisher folk, paddy and farmers
cultivars.
TKS preservation….• Northern forests – Korku, Bhil, Gondh, Pardhi.• Deccan plateau – Semiarid farmers and their cultivars,
Dhangar and their pastures• Western Ghats – Warli, Kokana, Kathkari, Mahadeo Koli• Sacred Groves, water sources• Coastal region – Koli fisher folk, paddy and farmers
cultivars.
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Expertise needs of MSBB
• Collecting information and datamanagement
• Legal concerns (ABS)• Ensuring sustainable use of bioresources• Public awareness and participation• Research
– “Citizen Science Approach”– “Scientific expertise networks”
• Collecting information and datamanagement
• Legal concerns (ABS)• Ensuring sustainable use of bioresources• Public awareness and participation• Research
– “Citizen Science Approach”– “Scientific expertise networks”
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Tools
• Rapid collection of area specific data• Convincing people of the benefits of
biodiversity conservation and ensuring thatlocal people can see economic incentives
• Linkage to potential benefit sharing withindustry – Pharma, cosmetics, ecotourism.
• Rapid collection of area specific data• Convincing people of the benefits of
biodiversity conservation and ensuring thatlocal people can see economic incentives
• Linkage to potential benefit sharing withindustry – Pharma, cosmetics, ecotourism.
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Data on Assets and ThreatsAssets• Biodiversity values• RET species• Ecological niches• Traditional knowledge valuesThreats• Existing and potential threat• Globalization and consumerism• Unsustainable development• Landuse change without futuristic thinking
Assets• Biodiversity values• RET species• Ecological niches• Traditional knowledge valuesThreats• Existing and potential threat• Globalization and consumerism• Unsustainable development• Landuse change without futuristic thinking
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Region specific strategies
• Establishing Conservation Priorities.• Identifying existing and potential threats.• Establishing Conservation Priorities.• Identifying existing and potential threats.
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What are the linkages of biogeographicregions and traditional land and resourceuse strategies, for Maharashtra?
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Biodiversity and Cultural preservation• Linkage between Natural Science / Social Science• Plus + Economics and Law
Biodiversity ConservationTechnology
HotspecksCorridorsBMCs PBRs
Biodiversity ConservationTechnology
HotspecksCorridors
BMCs PBRs
Law: Biodiversity ActABS
Societal Economics, equity.ABSSocial Science
(Citizen science approach)
Law: Biodiversity ActABS
Societal Economics, equity.ABS
Social Science(Citizen science approach)
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Resources and Cultures…..Agropastoralist
• Cultivar diversity.
• Traditional farmers and forest tribal folk have used forestbiomass as a wood ash fertilizer, along with cattle dung whichwas sustainable when human population was limited.
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Resources and Cultures…..
Pastoralist / Animal husbandry• Livestock breeds• Traditional pastoralists have used grasslands
and migrated in response to seasonal variations.
Pastoralist / Animal husbandry• Livestock breeds• Traditional pastoralists have used grasslands
and migrated in response to seasonal variations.
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Hunter – Gatherer• Once sustainable, now unsustainable
if illegal• Current sustainable use through
BMCs –• Ex situ conservation breeding centers• Increasing habitat loss and poaching
will lead to extinction
Resources and Cultures…..Hunter – Gatherer• Once sustainable, now unsustainable
if illegal• Current sustainable use through
BMCs –• Ex situ conservation breeding centers• Increasing habitat loss and poaching
will lead to extinction
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Resources and Cultures…..Fisherfolk
• Fisher folk traditionally reduced their fishing during thefish breeding seasons.
• Wetlands and coastal ecosystems provided a wealth ofseasonal aquatic resources.
Fisherfolk
• Fisher folk traditionally reduced their fishing during thefish breeding seasons.
• Wetlands and coastal ecosystems provided a wealth ofseasonal aquatic resources.
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CENTRAL HIGHLANDS
Tribal regions
High diversity of distinctive ecological entities.Dividing line of Sal and Teak forests.High tribal cultural diversity.Fauna: Tiger, Leopard, forest avifauna, other taxa.Carrying capacity for wildlife tourism has been exceeded in Tiger Reserves.
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CENTRAL HIGHLANDS
PeopleTKS of Korku, Bhil Baiga.Medicines, dance, tattoos,jewelry, pottery, artifacts(metal work).
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DECCAN PLATEAU
Ecosystem: Scrubland and Grasslands / Rivers / Riverine areas /Manmade wetlands in dams.Flora- Teak forest / Semiarid grassland.
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DECCAN PLATEAU
Fauna: Wolf, chinkara, blackbuck, bustards, raptors, reptiles
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DECCAN PLATEAU
People- Semiarid – farmers, migrant Dhangars – The linkage…..Landuse- Bajra, Jawar – Traditional rainfed farming – Central Plateau.
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DECCAN PLATEAU
Conflict• Change to sugarcane due to rapid irrigation development.• Industrialization.• Urbanization.
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WESTERN GHATS
• Globally important hotspot of Biodiversity. High endemism.• Supplies river water to Deccan Plateau.
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WESTERN GHATS
Ecosystem• Evergreen, Semi evergreen, Deciduous
forests• Basalt and Lateritic Plateau tops• Coastal vegetation, marine ecosystem.
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WESTERN GHATS
PeopleMaratha Farmers of hill slopes.Tribal groups- Mahadeo kolis, Katkaris, WarlisPaddy in flood plainsHill slope mixed cultivation - ‘rab’ cultivation.
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WESTERN GHATS
• Ancient tradition ofSacred groves
• Hot specks ofdiversity.
• Tiger goddess.• The ‘kaul’ ceremony.
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WESTERN GHATS/ COASTAL BELT
The landuse – Paddy / farmers.The Warli art and its tradition: – Jivya Soma Mahshe and the Warli paintings.The folktales.
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Landscape approach to managementof the Western Ghats
• Natural landscape values– Forest– Water sources– Plateau’s of endemic plants
• Cultural landscape values– Sacred Groves– Forts and surrounds– Agriculture – Indigenous crop varieties– Pastoralism - Livestock varieties
• Natural landscape values– Forest– Water sources– Plateau’s of endemic plants
• Cultural landscape values– Sacred Groves– Forts and surrounds– Agriculture – Indigenous crop varieties– Pastoralism - Livestock varieties
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NaturalLandscape
• Corridors betweenPA’s – Crestlineforest plateaus andescarpments.
• ESA’s – WesternGhats controversiesover extent to beincluded
• Corridors betweenPA’s – Crestlineforest plateaus andescarpments.
• ESA’s – WesternGhats controversiesover extent to beincluded
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Cultural Landscape• Biological diversity in paddy lands,
grazing areas, forest use.• People’s participation through:
– BMC’s/PBR’s/BHS/ABS– Through education-Schools / Colleges– For tourists and adjacent urban and city
dwellers-IC’s and Ecotourism homestays.
• Biological diversity in paddy lands,grazing areas, forest use.
• People’s participation through:– BMC’s/PBR’s/BHS/ABS– Through education-Schools / Colleges– For tourists and adjacent urban and city
dwellers-IC’s and Ecotourism homestays.
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HotspecksManagement• ‘Super hot specks’ –
Jump sites.• Permeable matrix
management• Corridoring possibilities• ESA surrounds – PA
BuffersImpacts• Mining, Neo-townships,
Roads – Irreversible• Agriculture, grazing, fire
– Reversible by eco-development
• ‘Super hot specks’ –Jump sites.
• Permeable matrixmanagement
• Corridoring possibilities• ESA surrounds – PA
BuffersImpacts• Mining, Neo-townships,
Roads – Irreversible• Agriculture, grazing, fire
– Reversible by eco-development
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Calculation of time taken using Detailed Assessment Tool
• 2837 sacred groves in Maharashtra (ENVIS, 2008)• 501 forts in Maharashtra (Mungikar, R. 2011)• 67 plateaus in Maharashtra (Watve, A. 2013)• Total 3405 sites• The Detail Assessment Tool requires three days per site for three experts• Time taken by DAT 3405 sites x 3 days = 10,215 days (approx 28 years)
• 2837 sacred groves in Maharashtra (ENVIS, 2008)• 501 forts in Maharashtra (Mungikar, R. 2011)• 67 plateaus in Maharashtra (Watve, A. 2013)• Total 3405 sites• The Detail Assessment Tool requires three days per site for three experts• Time taken by DAT 3405 sites x 3 days = 10,215 days (approx 28 years)
Calculation of time taken using Rapid Assessment Tool• The Rapid Assessment Tool requires one day per site for two field staff• 3405 sites / 10 teams = 340 days (approx 1 year)
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COASTAL REGION
Ecosystems- Terrestrial: Coastal forests, coastal plains, mangroves - MumbaiMarine: Angria Bank Coral reef, Malwan sanctuaryCoastal grasses
Fauna: Estuarine birds, Turtle nesting sites- Velas. Fish and crustacea.
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COASTAL REGION
People : Paddy/ Coconut farming/ Fisher folk.Impacts:• Overfishing.• Conversion of coastal plains to Urbanization.• Ports• Thermal power plants• Tourism• Climate change
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Strategic outcomes for MSBB• Expertise development / Research / Data
– Natural sciences– Social sciences– Legal advice
• Human resources– Strengthen technical committees– Strengthen BMC
• Financial stability• Website – Apps• Convincing people• TKS preservation - Cultures
• Expertise development / Research / Data– Natural sciences– Social sciences– Legal advice
• Human resources– Strengthen technical committees– Strengthen BMC
• Financial stability• Website – Apps• Convincing people• TKS preservation - Cultures
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Potential site selection for BMCsLANDSCAPES INCLUDE
Undisturbedforest
Undisturbedforest GrasslandGrassland
WetlandsTanks, Rivers
WetlandsTanks, Rivers
CoastCoast Hill rangeHill range
LOCAL CAPACITY
Unified PanchayatUnified PanchayatCommunity soil
and moisturedevelopment
Community soiland moisturedevelopment
Effective JFMCEffective JFMC Women’s self helpgroup
Women’s self helpgroup NOREGANOREGAUnified Panchayat
Community soiland moisturedevelopment
Effective JFMC Women’s self helpgroup NOREGA
UNIQUE BIODIVERSITY HOTSPECKSEvergreen
forestPlateaus
Evergreenforest
Plateaus
Sacred groveSacred site
(River, Pond)
Sacred groveSacred site
(River, Pond)
Historicalcultural sites
Historicalcultural sites
Tribal culture –Art, Craft,Folklore
Tribal culture –Art, Craft,Folklore
Local traditionfor medicine
Local traditionfor medicine
Hunter:Gathers,
Communitysite
Hunter:Gathers,
Communitysite
IMPORTANT COMMUNITIES
Tribalcummunity
Tribalcummunity AgricultureAgriculture Pastoralist
(Migrant)Pastoralist(Migrant) FisherfolkFisherfolk
Urban NGO, InterestedUniversity Botanist/
Zooligist
Urban NGO, InterestedUniversity Botanist/
Zooligist
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Action plan for MSBB
BMC
PBRPBR
ABS
BHS
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Selection of site with categoriesRecky visitRecky visit
Communitymeetings
Communitymeetings
Formation ofBMC
Formation ofBMC
RegisteringBMC
RegisteringBMC MSBBMSBB NBANBA
Interviews with local people and expertsInterviews with local people and experts
Use of Rapid Assessment Tool for prioritizationUse of Rapid Assessment Tool for prioritization
Setup for PBR data collectionSetup for PBR data collection
Identifying knowledge source and link to communityIdentifying knowledge source and link to community
Capacity buildingworkshop
Capacity buildingworkshop
Identify localknowledge
Identify localknowledge Specify objectivesSpecify objectives
Strengthencommunity
action
Strengthencommunity
action
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Work on PBRWork on PBR Arrangefinancial issues
Arrangefinancial issues
Modify oraccept
document
Modify oraccept
document
MSBBAcceptance
MSBBAcceptance
NBAAcceptance
NBAAcceptance
Feed document into centralMSBB data system
Feed document into centralMSBB data system
Expert group evaluationExpert group evaluation
Capacity buildingworkshop for ABSCapacity buildingworkshop for ABS Identify potentialIdentify potential Plan financial
expected returnPlan financial
expected return ABSABSCapacity buildingworkshop for ABSCapacity buildingworkshop for ABS Identify potential Plan financial
expected returnPlan financial
expected return ABS
Natural resourceNatural resource
Medical plantsMedical plants
Livestock varietyLivestock variety
Indigenous cropsIndigenous crops
Wild fruit or vegetableWild fruit or vegetable
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BHS SelectionBHS Selection
DocumentuniquenessDocumentuniqueness
Willingness ofBMCWillingness ofBMCWillingness ofBMCWillingness ofBMC
Managementcapacitybuildingworkshop
Managementcapacitybuildingworkshop
Markboundaryphysically,GPS andSatelliteimages
mapping
Markboundaryphysically,GPS andSatelliteimages
mapping
Documentmanagement
Documentmanagement
Notifymanagement
plan
Notifymanagement
planMSBBMSBB NBANBA
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Public Awareness ……The need of the minute
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