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Data Encoding
![Page 2: A4.Data Encoding.ppt [호환 모드] - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xdatacom/2015_classnotes/A4.Data Encoding.pdfDigital Data, Analog Encoding Digital Modulation Bits àSymbols](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042023/5e7b00ef273ebc401856cc14/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Telecom Systems Chae Y. Lee
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Contents
Digital data, Digital encodingDigital data, Analog encoding
ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK, QAMAnalog data, Digital signals
PCMAnalog data, Analog signals
AM, FM, PM
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Digital Data, Digital Encoding
Nonreturn to Zero-level (NRZ-L)Nonreturn to Zero Inverted: FDDI, 100Base-FXBipolar-AMI: T-1, T-3PseudoternaryManchester: IEEE802.3 10Base EthernetDifferential Manchester: IEEE 802.5 token ringB8ZS: T-1, T-3HDB3
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Digital Data, Digital Encoding
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Digital Data, Analog Encoding
Digital ModulationBits à Symbols à Pulses à Put into Carrier
Carrier signal: digital information is carried by means of a modem that modulates one of the three characteristics of the carrier
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)Frequency-shift keying (FSK)Phase-shift keying (PSK)
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Digital ModulationMapping data bits to signal elements
bits ® symbols ® pulses
Ex) 1 bit/symbol
2 bits/symbol
t
t1 1 0 0 1 0
symbolbit
0 =1 =
+1 volt-1 volt
11 =
10 =
01 =
00 =
-3 volt
-1 volt
+1 volt
+3 volt
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ASK/FSK/PSK
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ASK is susceptible to error and is a rather inefficient modulation technique
On voice-grade lines, it is typically used up to 1200 bps
Commonly used to transmit digital data over optical fiber
ASK
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FSK is less susceptible to error than is ASKOn voice-grade line, it is typically used up to 1200
bpsCommonly used for high-frequency (3-30 MHz)
radio transmissionUse of FSK in a modem for full-duplex operation
over a voice-grade line (derived four-wire circuit)
FSK
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PSK (180º phase shift) is more noise-resistant and efficient than FSK
Absolute phase
PSK
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Differential PSK (DPSK)
Variation of PSKAbsolute phase reference is not necessary for
demodulation of the dataDifferential: referenced to the phase of the carrier
during the previously encoded interval
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DPSK
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DPSK
Rubust encoding without burst of phase shiftPSK
mk= tk: 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0rk: 0 0 1 1 0
DPSK If mk= 0 then tk = tk –1 If mk= 1 then tk = (tk –1)c
tk: 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0rk: 0 0 1 0 0
mk: 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 1
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PSK (180º phase shift) is more noise-resistant and efficient than FSK
Differential PSK: referenced to the phase of the carrier during the previously encoded interval
QPSK (90° phase shift)Each symbol represents two bitsD = R/b = R/log2L
PSK/QPSK
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QPSK (90° phase shift)
QPSK
Phasor diagram for the Bell 212A modem
Phasor diagram for the Bell 201B/C modem
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QPSK Modulation
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QPSK Modulation
x
x
00
01x
x10
11
p/4
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QAM
Combination of the techniques: PSK + ASKOn voice-grade line, rates up to 9600 bps (12 phases,
three amplitudes)Symbol rate (Baud rate): D = R/b = R/log2LQAM is used in ADSL and some wireless standards16QAM:
2bits/I x 2bits/Q = 4 levels x 4 levels = 16 states64QAM:256QAM:
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QAM
Phasor diagram for the Bell 209A modem depicting 9600bps QAM
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QAM: s(t) = d1(t)cos2πfct + d2(t)sin 2πfct
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Analog Data, Digital Signals
Pulse-code modulation (PCM): the best known technique for voice digitization used in codec
PCM is based on sampling theoremNyquist Sampling Theoremfs > 2BW2´4 KHz = 8000 samples/sec = 8000 PAM pulsesEach sample is approximated by being quantized
into one of 28 different levels
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Quantizing
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Analog Data, Analog Signals
Analog information can be converted directly into an analog signal that occupies the same bandwidth: baseband signal
Voice signal is directly transmitted on a voice-grade telephone line (local loop)
It is possible to use an analog signal to modulate a carrier to produce a new analog signal that conveys the same information but occupies a different frequency band: Modulation
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Why? A higher frequency may be needed for effective transmissionAnalog-to-analog modulation permits frequency-division multiplexing
Analog-to-analog modulationAmplitude modulation (AM)Frequency modulation (FM)Phase modulation (PM)
Analog Data, Analog Signals
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Summary
Digital data, Digital encoding: Bipolar-AMI, Manchester, …
Digital data, Analog encodingASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK, QAMMore bits in one symbol increases data rate
Analog data, Digital signalsPCM for voice digitization
Analog data, Analog signalsAM, FM, PM