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CE 443 - Timber
Design
(Wood Design)(Wood Design)
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Wood is the most widely usedconstruction material in use world-wide.It is used not only or residential rame
construction but also as ormwor!"sca#olding and tem$orary su$$ortraming or commercial and large scale
construction as well.
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%d&antages o Wood
%&ailability ' Wood is a&ailable almost e&ery$lace in the world
ocal labor ' emi-s!illed labor is all that isusually necessary
Easy to wor! with ' ight weight and easy to cutand asten
%esthetics ' *othing com$ares to word or theaesthetic +warmth,with insulation
elati&ely ine$ensi&e ' Dimension lumber isrelati&ely chea$ com$ared to other constructionmaterials" $articularly or small members 'howe&er" hea&y timber members tend tosomewhat $ricey
/ea&y Timber is relati&ely 0re-resistant (charred
eterior o timber insulates interior o timber)
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Disad&antages o Wood
Can decay" needs care with use" treatingor coating
Is 1ammable 'needs co&ering or treating
in many uses 2uality and a&ailability ha&e decreased
oor insulation characteristics ' need to
coordinate with insulation
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ac!ground
i!e all li&ing things trees ha&e a lie cycle5irth
6rowth
%gingDeath
%s trees grow" their $hysical orm changesas does their role in the orest ecosystem
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I7EC8CE 97 TEE
Seedling
Seed
Sapling
Mature Oak
Snag
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eeds
eeds come in a &ariety o sha$es"weights" colors" and si:es" de$ending on the
s$ecies. eeds de&elo$ rom male and emale $arts o
the trees $roducing ruits. ome seeds are in a $rotecti&e nut li!e an acorn
9thers are in 1eshy ruits" li!e the blac! cherry.
The ruit o a $ine is a cone and the seed is wingedand resembles a miniature helico$ter when alling. Wind" water" animals" and $eo$le dis$erse
seeds to the orest 1oor" o$en 0elds" yards androadsides.
Where conditions are a&orable or germination"seeds will germinate and grow.
Which came 0rst -the tree" or the
seed;
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eedling
The seedling grows and begins tode&elo$ woody characteristics.
The stems harden" change color" andde&elo$ a thin $rotecti&e bar!.
The stem may bend or de&elo$
branches that reach toward light. ea&es or needles that de&elo$ are
ada$ted to shade" but lean or tilttoward light.
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a$ling
When the tree is about =-4 inchesin diameter at 4.> eet" it isconsidered a sa$ling. standard height where tree?s
diameter is measured ' diameter at
breast height (D/). %s the tree starts to get taller the
trun! thic!ens and branchesde&elo$.
% sa$ling is the si:e o a treegrowing in a nursery.
In this @u&enile state" the tree is notmature enough to re$roduce.
6rowing ra$idly" the sa$ling hasthe same com$etition and threatsas seedlings.
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What $lant in the$icture would yousay is a mature
tree;
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Decline
The lie s$an o a tree is a wide-range"yet death is ine&itable.
% combination o actors o&ercome atree and causes it to die. In@ury" drought stress" ollowed by
disease" rot" root diebac!" cou$led with a
lightning stri!e or insect inestationcontribute to tree decline.
ometimes a single actor is seriousenough to cause mortality.
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Dead Tree
tanding dead trees" called snags"$lay &ital roles in the lie cycle omany organisms.
% snag slowly brea!s down andreturns nutrients as limbs" bar!" andbranches all. It $ro&ides habitat andood or wildlie and insects.
%nimals" insects" and ungi hel$ brea!
down the tree. E&entually" the snag will all and return
nutrients to the soil where they areta!en u$ by other trees.
%nd" the cycle begins anew.
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What stage o theliecycle are thesetrees in currently;
EEDI*6
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What stage o theliecycle are thesetrees in currently;
*%6
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What stage o theliecycle are thesetrees in currently;
%I*6
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Why would we want tomeasure trees;
lan har&esting
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D/
Tree diameter is an im$ortant orestry measure and isused to indicate how well a tree is growing o&er time.
It is also one o the standard measures o timber &olumeused to estimate the commercial &alue o a orest stand.
y con&ention" the diameter is measured at a height on
the trun! that is =.3> m (4.> t) abo&e ground le&el. This height abo&e the ground is used because une&en
swelling and irregular growth at the base o the tree andu$$er roots could mas! the true growth o the trun!.
What would ha$$eni $eo$le measuredtree circumerence
at di#erent heights;
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Tree?s Crown $read
This is a hori:ontalmeasurement5 lea ti$ to lea ti$ o the shortest
s$read lea ti$ to lea ti$ o the longest
s$read through the main mass o the
tree cano$y
%dd the two numbers together"and di&ide by two or thea&erage crown s$read
Crown s$read is diBcult tomeasure when branches arehigh. /a&e $eo$le standwhere the ti$s o the arthestbranches are directly o&erhead.
% 3rd
$erson can measure thedistance at ground le&el.
3 .>eet
= .>eet
What is thecrown s$read o
this tree;
.> eet
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What is the
crown s$read othis tree;
== eet
eet
.> eet
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ea ha$e
Di#er in many ways and hel$ identiy trees Ti$s may be $ointed" rounded" ta$eredF ases may be sGuared" rounded" heart-sha$edF
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What are thesha$es o these
3 lea&es;
%
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ar!
Identiy with the color and teture
haggy" smooth " rough or dee$ urrows
Eam$le5 a$er irch ' white" $a$er-li!e
se bar! on trun!" not branches
a$er irch
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*eedles or road ea&es
In the sim$lest sense we ha&e ty$es o trees5
Coniers (conierous) 5 otwoods
seeds de&elo$ in cones" ha&e needle sha$edlea&es
don?t lose lea&es each year so stay green Ke&ergreens
ines" s$ruces" hemloc!s and 0rs road-lea (deciduous) 5 /ardwoods
broad" 1at lea&es that they lose each year
9a!s" ma$les" beeches and as$ens
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Tree $ecies
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Tree $ecies
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Tree $ecies
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Tree $ecies
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Tree $ecies
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Cross Section of a Tree Trunk
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/istor o Wood
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/istory o Woodtructures
/istory o Wood
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/istory o Woodtructures
/istory o Wood
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/istory o Woodtructures
/istory o Wood
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/istory o Woodtructures
/istory o Wood
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/istory o Woodtructures
/istory o Wood
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/istory o Woodtructures
/istory o Wood
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/istory o Woodtructures
/istory o Wood
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/istory o Woodtructures
/istory o Wood
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/istory o Woodtructures
/istory o Wood
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/istory o Woodtructures
/istory o Wood
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/istory o Woodtructures
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MODERN TIMBER STRUCTURES
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Wood Deects
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Wood Deects
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Wood Deects
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Wood Deects