Transcript
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1stInternationalConferenceofLandcareStudiesGlobalResilienceThroughLocalSelf-Reliance–TheLandcareModel

5-8November,2017

Nagoya,Japan

NanzanUniversityInstituteforSocialEthicsAustralianLandcareInternational

Withsupportfrom

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ConferenceProgram

Sunday5thNovember201715:30 Registration16:30 GeneralpresentationonLandcare19:00 WelcomepartyMonday6thNovember20179:00 WarmUpsession9:15-12:30Session1:TheCriticalRoleofLocalSelf-RelianceinAchievingGlobalSustainability

Curators:MichaelSeigelandAllanDale

9:20 Keynotespeech:Landcare:GrassrootsparticipatorygovernancefortheAnthropocene?Andrew Campbell, CEO, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research,Australia …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1

10:00 Morningtea10:20-11:20 Session1-1. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2

Lisa Robins, Honorary Senior Lecturer, Fenner School of Environment andSociety,AustralianNationalUniversity,Australia

Session1-2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3Graham R. Marshall, Associate Professor and Principal Research Fellow,Institute for Rural Futures, School of Behavioural, Cognitive and SocialSciences,UniversityofNewEngland,Australia

Session1-3. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4PaulMartin(viavideoandskype),ProfessorandDirector,AustralianCentreforAgricultureandLaw,UniversityofNewEngland,Australia

Session1-4. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5SoniaWilliams,StateLandcareCoordinator,LandcareNSW,Australia

11:20 Paneldiscussion12:30 LunchBreak

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13:30 Rapporteursreport:summaryofthediscussionsofar (Rapporteurs:AllanDale,MichaelT.Seigel,PipJobandNarumiIshihara)13:45-17:00Session2:WhatMakesLocalSelf-RelianceDeliveronSustainability?

Curator:AndreaMason

13:50 KeynoteSpeech: Human-humanandhuman-naturebonds:Thekeystoself-relianceandresilienceJoseph Runzo-Inada, Chief Resilience Officer, Toyama City, Japan………………………… 6

14:30 Afternoontea14:50-15:50

Session2-1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………7ClintonMuller,SeniorConsultant,RMConsultingGroup,Australia

Session2-2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………8TomomiMaekawa,ResearchFellow,GraduateSchoolofEngineering, MieUniversity,Japan

Session2-3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………9FrancisSteyn,WesternCapeDepartmentofAgriculture,SouthAfrica

Session2-4. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………10Andrea Mason, Director of Finding North; Chair of Leigh Catchment Group;BoardMemberofAustralianLandcareInternational,Australia

15:50 Paneldiscussion17:00 Break18:00 Supper

EveningsessionSpeaker: Evy Carusos, Project Manager, Landcare Foundation of the Philippines, Inc.,Philippiines

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Tuesday7thNovember20178:45 WarmUpsession

Rapporteursreport:summaryofthediscussionsofar

9:15-12:30

Session3:LandcarePracticeModelsandPragmaticsCurator:RobYoul

9:20 Keynotespeech:Landcarepraxis-"Fromlittlethingsbigthingsgrow"Jen Quealy, Master of Research Student, Western Sydney University; AustralianLandcareVolunteer;GeneralManager,TBLCreativePartnerships,Australia

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1110:00 Morningtea10:20-11:20

Session3-1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………12RobYoul,Chair,AustralianLandcareInternational,Australia

Session3-2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………13BeatriceDossah,EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyofGhana,Ghana

Session3-3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………14NickEdgar,ChiefExecutive,NZLandcareTrust,NewZealand

Session3-4. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………15MeganRowlatt,Co-founderandChair,IntrepidLandcare,Australia

11:20 Paneldiscussion

12:30 Lunchbreak

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13:30 Rapporteursreport:summaryofthediscussionsofar13:45-17:00Session4:LandcareasaTransformativeAgentinCrises(IncludingNaturalDisasters

andEmergencies)Curators:JenQuealyandKazukiKagohashi

13:50 KeynoteSpeech:Communityastransformationagentandthetemporalityofdisaster

Stewart Lockie, Distinguished Professor andDirector, The Cairns Institute, James CookUniversity,Australia ……………………………………………………………………………………………16

14:50-15:50Session4-1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………17

MaryJohnson,RoyalMelbourneInstituteofTechnology,AustraliaEvy Carusos, Project Manager, Landcare Foundation of the Philippines, Inc.,Philippines

Session4-2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………18AshleyBland,SustainabilityManager,SkillsetEnvironment,Bathurst,Australia

Session4-3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………19KazukiKagohashi,SeniorResearchFellow,NanzanUniversityInstituteforSocialEthics, Japan; Vice-chair, Secretariat to Promote the Establishment ofLandcareinJapan

Session4-4. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………20JenQuealy,MasterofResearchStudent,WesternSydneyUniversity;AustralianLandcareVolunteer;GeneralManager,TBLCreativePartnerships,Australia

15:50 Paneldiscussion17:00 Break18:00 Supper

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Wednesday8thNovember20178:45 WarmUpsession

Rapporteursreport:summaryofthediscussionsofar9:15-12:30Session5:InnovationandRiskTakingthroughLandcareApproaches

Curator:JenQuealy

9:20 Keynotespeech:Learninglikecrazy:Prototypes,heuristicsandemergentpracticesRossColliver,Director,TheTrainingandDevelopmentGroup;VictorianLandcareCouncilCommitteeofManagement,Australia …………………………………………………………………21

10:00 Morningtea10:20-11:20

Session5-1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………22LiddyNevile,ComputerScientist;Member,BellarineLandcareGroup,Australia

Session5-2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………23Joseph Tanui, Landcare Coordinator and Co-chair, African Landcare Network,Kenya

Session5-3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………24TokihikoFujimoto,AssociateProfessor,FacultyofAgriculture,

ShizuokaUniversity,JapanSession5-4. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………25

PipJob,SeniorProjectManager,NSWDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries, CEO,LittleRiverLandcare,Australia

11:20 Paneldiscussion12:30 Lunchbreak

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13:30 Rapporteursreport:summaryofthediscussionsofar13:45-17:30Session6:SystemicChangeandMergingDiscourses

Curators:AllanDaleandMichaelSeigel

13:50 KeynoteSpeech:CrossscalestewardshipcapacityofcommunitybasedorganizationsfromnorthernCaliforniaacrosstheAmericanwesttoWashingtonDC:Willitworkforcannabis?

Yvonne Everett, Professor, Department of Environmental Science and Management,HumboldtStateUniversity,USA ……………………………………………………………………………26

14:30 Afternoontea14:50-15:50

Session6-1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………28AndresArnalds,ProjectManager,SoilConservationServiceofIcelandBrianSlater,OhioStateUniversity,USAJoninaS.Thorlaksdottir,RifFieldStation,IcelandFredYikii,MakerereUniversity,Uganda

Session6-2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………29KayeRodden,DeputyChair,LandcareVictoriaInc.,AustraliaTerry Hubbard, Chair, National Landcare Network and Landcare Victoria Inc.,Australia

Session6-3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………30LisaRobins,HonorarySeniorLecturer,FennerSchoolofEnvironmentandSociety,AustralianNationalUniversity,Australia

Session6-4. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………31MichaelT.Seigel,VisitingResearchFellow,NanzanUniversityInstituteforSocialEthics,Japan;Chair,SecretariattoPromotetheEstablishmentofLandcareinJapan

Session6-5. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………32AllanDale,Professor,TropicalRegionalDevelopment,TheCairnsInstitute,JamesCookUniversity,Australia

15:50 PaneldiscussionBeginningwithfinalreportbyrapporteurs

17:30 Closingremarks

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Session1

TheCriticalRoleofLocalSelf-RelianceinAchievingGlobalSustainability

KeynoteSpeech

AndrewCampbell CEO,AustralianCentreforInternationalAgriculturalResearch,Australia

Landcare:GrassrootsparticipatorygovernancefortheAnthropocene?

Astheimpactofhumankindonourfiniteplanethasbecomeevermoreprofoundandinescapable,

geologistshaveofficiallyrecognisedanewera–theAnthropocene—characterisedbyitsdominant

force,humans. Asweacknowledgeourownresponsibility forstewardshipofnatural resources,

andourcapacitytoaffecttheEarthfundamentally—forgoodorfor ill—itbecomesevermore

important to develop better ways of sharing knowledge and making decisions about land use

(consideringlandbroadlytoincludewaterandbiodiversity)andmanagementatalllevels. Asthe

vastmajorityof landuseandmanagementdecisionshappenat thescaleof local sitesandsmall

farms,governanceatthatleveliscrucial.

LandcarehasbeenoperatinginAustraliaforoverthirtyyears,andintwentyorsoothercountries

foruptotwentyyears.InAustraliathetermisusedlooselytorefertovoluntary,community-based

approaches to natural resourcemanagement (NRM), and cooperative activities at a community

level directed to more sustainable use of natural resources. In its early years, Landcare in

Australiawasseenasanew,potentiallymoreeffectiveformofagriculturalextension, influencing

the behaviour of farmers towards more sustainable practices by changing social norms,

encouragingcollectiveactivityacrossfarmboundaries,andprovidingentrypointsforsocialgroups

who had hitherto not been visibly active in NRM, includingwomen, youth, ‘hobby’ or ‘lifestyle’

farmers, conservationists and urban people. Internationally, Landcare approaches have been

applied to rebuild social capital in post-conflict situations in The Philippines, in post-cyclone

contextsinthePacific,andtoimprovesmallholderaccesstofoodvaluechainsinAfrica.

Thispresentationwillexplore,usingexamplesfromAustraliaand internationally,theelementsof

landcare that are worthwhile exploring in the context of the quest for more sustainable and

resilientgovernancemodelsintheAnthropocene.

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Session1-1

LisaRobins HonorarySeniorLecturer,FennerSchoolofEnvironmentandSociety, AustralianNationalUniversity,Australia

Morethan30yearsof‘Landcare’inAustralia:Fivephasesofdevelopmentfrom‘childhood’to‘mid-life’(crisisorrenewal?)

This paper describes the five major development phases of ‘Landcare’ in Australia – from its

‘childhood phase’ beginnings in themid-1980s to its current day ‘mid-life phase’. The ‘Landcare

approach’initscontemporaryformisarticulatedinthe‘AustralianFrameworkforLandcare2010–

2020’ as comprising the Landcare ethic (a philosophy, influencing the way people live in the

landscape while caring for the land), the Landcare movement founded on stewardship and

volunteers(localcommunityactionputtingthephilosophyintopractice)andtheLandcaremodel(a

rangeofknowledgegeneration,sharingandsupportmechanismsincludinggroups,networksfrom

districttonationallevels,facilitatorsandcoordinators,governmentandnon-governmentprograms

andpartnerships).Landcareemergedinthemid-80sasagrassroots,community-ledapproachthat

wasstronglygrounded,inthefirstinstance,infarmer-to-farmerknowledgeexchangeandtackling

local-level issues. It evolved into a national movement following the Australian Government’s

declaration of the 1990s as the ‘Decade of Landcare’ and announcement of the first National

LandcareProgramat thebehestandwith the imprimaturofahithertounlikelyalliancebetween

theNationalFarmers’Federation(the‘brownies’)andtheAustralianConservationFoundation(the

‘greenies’).Now,more than30yearson, there ismuchevidence to substantiate thepivotal role

Landcarehasplayedinstimulatingandenablingknowledgesharing,learningandon-groundaction

across Australia in the arena of natural resource management; and also to conclude that its

potentialforcontributingtobroaderimpacts,especiallylandscape-scalechange,hasbeenseriously

hindered by various ill-conceived and/or executed policy settings and related institutional

arrangements. Nevertheless, the Landcare approach (with its consistently sound ethic and

movement, butwith itsmodel imperfections atdifferent times throughout the fivedevelopment

phases)hasstoodthetestoftime,andprovenitselftoberobust.

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Session1-2

GrahamR.Marshall AssociateProfessorandPrincipalResearchFellow,InstituteforRuralFutures,SchoolofBehavioural,CognitiveandSocialSciences,UniversityofNewEngland,

Australia

Community-basedgovernanceforglobalsustainability

The scale of collective action required for global sustainability is feasible only to the extent that

effortsatthis levelareabletobuildonthetrust,reciprocityandcooperationalreadyestablished

for sustainability at national and successively lower levels. Such a bottom-upprocess of building

capacities for global sustainability is one of community-based environmental (including natural

resources) governance – at least where this governance is understood properly as a nested

multi-levelsystemof(privateandpublic)groupsandorganisationsestablishedinaccordancewith

theprincipleof subsidiarity.TheAustralianexperimentwithcommunityengagement inLandcare

andregionalisednaturalresourcesgovernanceisreviewedtoprovideinsightsforongoingattempts

tostrengthenvoluntarycooperationwithgovernancestructuresbeyondthelocalleveltowardsthe

nationalandgloballevels.Thedifficultyoftheseattemptsshouldnotbeunder-estimated;success

willinvolvenothingshortoftransformationalpolicyreform.Yetperseveringwiththeseattemptsis

essential;thesolutiontotheglobalproblemofsustainabilityisultimatelycommunity-based.

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Session1-3

PaulMartin ProfessorandDirector,AustralianCentreforAgricultureandLaw,

UniversityofNewEngland,Australia

RuralLandcare:Creatingthemissingbusinessmodel?

Landcaremembersaroundtheworlddoextraordinaryworkinthepublicinterest.Theirvoluntary

effortsreduceandinmanycasesreverseharmsthataredonebyothers.Those‘others’frequently

profitfromtheirharm-doing,andtheyarenotfinanciallyaccountableforthisimbalance.Landcare

members also provide substantial public good benefits, relieving the whole population of this

burden. However laudable thismay be, there are significant problems of fairness and feasibility

built into a business model where some people willingly carry a large load that should be the

financial responsibility of others. Beyond any issues of fairness, it is clear that Landcare

organisationsaroundtheworld,foralloftheirheroicintent,areinsufficientlyresourcedtodowhat

isneeded.

Thispaperquestions “howmightwe findabusinessmodel for sustainable Landcare, thatbetter

addressesthefairnessandfeasibilityproblemsofruralsustainability?”Thepaperlooksatsomeof

thefundamentalfeasibilityquestionsforafewcountries,andsuggestssomeconceptstobeginto

findthatmissingbusinessmodel.

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Session1-4

SoniaWilliams StateLandcareCoordinator,LandcareNSW,Australia,

IndividualLandcarerAwardWinner1997(NSW)

Theabilitytolookafterourownbackyard–Understandingthecriticalfactorsthatenableself-relianceinlocalcommunities

Globalsustainabilitycannotoccurwithoutlocalaction.Theadoptionofsustainablepracticesatthe

localscalereliesuponthewillingnesstoacknowledgingthatwe,aspeopleinthelandscape,exert

aninfluenceoverthestateofourecosystems.However,whatisoftenoverlookedbymanyinpolicy

positions and bymany practitioners in theNRM /sustainability sphere is the importance of ‘the

peopleINthelandscape’andthatifwearegoingtoinfluenceenvironmentaloutcomes,THEkeyis

toinfluenceandbuildtheself-relianceofthepeoplethatmanagetheirownenvironments.

Noamountofscience,noamountoflegislation,noamountofsubsidywillproducelastingchange

unlessitisownedandadaptivelymanagedbythoseclosesttoTHEIRenvironment.Thisbuildingof

self-reliance – the capacity to acknowledge, assess,manage and continuously adapt to changing

circumstances, can only occur when we ensure that those who are affected by the changes

required tomoveus to amore sustainable future, arepart of theprocessof learning about the

causalfactors,andarevaluedascontributorstothedesignandimplementationofthatchange.

This was and still is the basis of the Landcare model, established around 30 years ago.

Internationally recognisedas a successful gamechanger, Landcare supported landmanagers and

communitiestocontributetheirknowledge,learnfromothersandbeempoweredtotakeactionto

improvethesustainabilityoftheirlandscapes.

Drawing upon my 30 years of experience as a Landholder and Landcarer, which started (and

continues)atthescaleoffamilyfarmmember,throughtothatofNSWStateLandcareCoordinator;

thissessionwillexplorethefactorsthatenableandsupportcommunitiestorespondtoandtackle

thechallengeswefaceataglobalscaleastheirown.

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Session2

WhatMakesLocalSelf-RelianceDeliveronSustainability?

KeynoteSpeech

JosephRunzo-Inada ChiefResilienceOfficer,ToyamaCity,Japan

Human-humanandhuman-naturebonds:Thekeystoself-relianceandresilience

Sustainabilityofhumanlifeandlandusepracticesarecriticalandirrevocablyinterrelatedissuesfor

the21stcentury.ToyamaCityisrecognizedbothinJapanandabroadasamodelofecologicaland

resilience planning. The first Japanese city to be chosen for the Rockefeller 100 Resilient Cities

initiative,thefirstnon-nationalentitytosignanMOUwiththeWorldBank,andtheonlyJapanese

city intheUnitedNationsSEforALLprogram,Toyamaisavirtual laboratoryforsustainabilitybest

practices. Created from the coalescing of 7 former municipalities under a Japanese national

program to combine rural and urban centers, Toyama’s 30 year Resilience Strategy 2050,

developed under the auspices of the 100RC initiative, explicitly unifies and harmonizes urban,

agriculturalandruralareasforlongtermresilience. Coveringthe1,242sqkmofthecityfromthe

Sea of Japan to crest of the Northern Japan Alps, Toyama’s Resilience Strategy 2050 offers

numerous examples of programs for rural sustainability, agricultural protection and ecological

preservation.Most importantly, the key lesson from the city’s 2-year resilienceplanningprocess

anditsintergenerationalagriculturalandfarmingpromotionprograms,istheessentialcentralityof

communal bonds, other respect, and respect for nature, as the foundation for self-reliance and

resilience.

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Session2-1

ClintonMuller SeniorConsultant,RMConsultingGroup,Australia

DoesLandcareinUgandacontributetoimprovedfoodsecurityandlivelihoodoutcomesatthehouseholdscale?

Sustainablemanagementofnaturalresourceshasbeenplacedontheglobaldevelopmentagenda

asequalinimportanceaspovertyeradication.Theinterlinkednatureoftheseglobalchallengesis

increasingly apparent, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where incidences of rural poverty are

aligned to degraded landscapes. Solutions for management of land degradation are viewed as

requiring collective approaches through engagement of community at the grassroots and actors

within the landscape.In Uganda, the Australian inspired Landcare approach has been adopted

since2001asameansofempoweringthecommunitytomanagetheirnaturalresourcesthrough

linking landmanagementpracticesto livelihoodoutcomes.Thisstudyexaminedtheeffectiveness

of theLandcareapproach inKapchorwaandKweenDistricts,Ugandaat thehousehold levelasa

mechanism tocontribute to foodsecurityand livelihoodoutcomes.Through thedevelopmentof

binary logistic regressionmodel for food security and Pearson chi-square tests for livelihoods, a

comparative analysis of households engaged and not engaged in Landcarewas undertaken. The

significant variables of household assets, farm assets, livestock and specialization of income

generation activitieswere identified for food security andhousehold education, landownership,

household assets and farmownership as the variables of significance for livelihoods. The results

concludedthehigherperformanceofLandcarememberhouseholdsinthesecategories,suggesting

thepositivecontributionLandcarehasonfoodsecurityandlivelihoodmeasures.Furthermore,the

application of the Landcare approach in enabling effective collective action was examined and

discussed in the context of the sustainable adoption of positive land management practices to

address incidences of household level poverty. It is concluded that the unique nature of the

Landcare as a community model to empower communities to address landscape scale land

degradation should be further considered as a development approach to address incidences of

povertyandlandscapedegradation.

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Session2-2

TomomiMaekawa ResearchFellow,GraduateSchoolofEngineering,MieUniversity,Japan

Keyconceptsfortheautonomyoflocalcommunitygroupsandtheiractivities:ThestructureofsupportsystemsinAustralianLandcareandadecisionmakingprocessgroundedinEastAsianculture

Japanisfacingseriouspopulationdeclineandanageingsociety.Thismakesitdifficulttomaintain

traditionalstylesofnaturalresourcemanagementsuchasSatoyamathroughfarmingandforestry.

Inordertofindstrategiestoovercomethechallengesraisedbypopulationdeclineandtheageing

society, I have been analyzing and theorizing the outcomes of my field research carried out in

AustraliaandJapan.

Inthispaper,inordertoexplorepossibleapproachestotheseproblems,Iwilldiscussthesystemof

LandcareinAustraliafromtheperspectiveofmyselfasanoutsidertoAustralia,bypointingoutits

structuralandspiritualfeaturesasawidespreadmovement.Thein-fieldresearchinAustraliawas

carried out through participatory observation at local events andmeetings of Landcare groups,

Landcare Facilitators/Coordinators, etc., and interviewswithmembers of Landcare groups, other

community groups, government and semi-government bodies, etc. The research was conducted

mainlyinVictoria,duringtheperiodofmystayinAlbury,in2013-2014,withsupportfromCharles

Sturt University, Australian Landcare International, and a lot of members and staff members of

relatedcommunitygroupsandorganisationsofLandcare.

Also Iwill suggest skills andabasic philosophyof consensusbuilding, as theother aspectofmy

researchinordertoseekamethodofsustainabilitybasedonvoluntarybasedcommunitygroups.

This approach may provide new ideas or views to Landcare groups in Australia for conducting

activitiesmoresmoothly,eventhoughtheapproachisrootedinEastAsiancultureandphilosophy.

Finally,Iwillpresentsomebriefideasofwhatweneedtoconsiderformovingforwardtothenext

stepinJapan,basedontheexperienceofSPELJ.

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Session2-3

FrancisSteyn WesternCapeDepartmentofAgriculture,SouthAfrica

Scalingupclimatesmartagriculturefromthepilotprojectof80000hato500000hadoingittheLandcareway

Introduction

SmartAgricultureforClimateResilience(SmartAgri)iswellpresentedinthecasestudyof80000ha

Koupdevelopment in the formofaLandCareAreaWide initiative that is increasingtoapossible

500000haproject,doingittheLandcareway.

Purposeofthepresentation

Thispresentationwillillustratethemassivegainsinworkingtogetherwithpartnerstocreateaplan

andimplementprojectsaccordingtotheplanwithwillmakethisareamoreclimatesmartthanany

otherinitiativepresentedtofarmers.

Conclusionsandextensionimplications

This case studyhasproven thatworking inpartnershipwith severalorganisations isessential for

success, but the farmer is the pivoting role in this partnership and according to the Landcare

principlesanessential leaderofthemethodology if it istobesuccessfully implemented.Froman

extension point of view it is the ultimate test of successful extension to create an enabling

environment for this leadership and largeAreaWideProjects to takeplace. From thenumerous

advantagesandimpressiveresultsofthisSmartAgriculturalproject,themostimpressiveiswithout

doubt the development of Human Capital which resulted in the base line studies of ecological

infrastructureandeffectiveprojectimplementation.

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Session2-4

AndreaMason DirectorofFindingNorth;ChairofLeighCatchmentGroup;BoardMemberofAustralianLandcareInternational,Australia

EveryoneEverywhereLandcare

ThispresentationwillcoversomeelementsoftheLandcaremovementthathavecontributedtoits

success in Australia and helped its spread throughout the globe- becoming the foundation for

resilientcommunities.

Asacommunitymember,Landcarerandsustainabilitypractitionerwithexperience incommunity

development, local action, marketing and communications, I will draw on personal and group

experiencetoshowhowtheLandcaremodelhascreatedavehicleforthedevelopmentofpersonal

andcommunityresilience.Thepaperwilldiscusstheneedforasenseofbelongingatthepersonal

andgroup level,the importanceofthegreaterorganisationandtheabilitytoadapttochange. It

willexplorehowthatsenseofbelongingmanifestsitselfandbuildsuptrustwithincommunitiesin

timesofneed.

Conversely,Landcare’sdiversity isoneof itsgreateststrengths.Landcareusesamulti-disciplinary

approach to resolve problems. Its grass roots approach, embedded in communities, encourages

diverseandcreativeapproachestoissuespertinenttoitsowncommunities.Howdoesthisfitwith

thatsenseofbelongingandhowhasthemovementthatisLandcareachievedthis?

Landcare does not have amonopoly on community action. I will also explore other community

actiongroups/movementsandwhichoftheseelementshaveaffectedtheirsuccess.Inparticular,I

will discuss the importanceofbranding, advocacyandpolitical influence in achieving success for

Landcarewhereothershavestruggled.

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Session3

LandcarePracticeModelsandPragmatics

KeynoteSpeech

JenQuealy MasterofResearchStudent,WesternSydneyUniversity;

AustralianLandcareVolunteer;GeneralManager,TBLCreativePartners,Australia

Landcarepraxis-"Fromlittlethingsbigthingsgrow"Afascinating'speed-date'onLandcareorigins,practice,fieldsandfutures,

andthecriticalelementsfora'Landcareeverywhere'model

ThefocusofthisKeynotepresentationistodistilthemodelofLandcaretosharewiththeworld.The process will be an explanatory and exploratory ‘speed-date’, covering 30 years and theAustraliancontinent.Theoutput:todistilthesharablemodelfromthecharacteranddevelopmentofLandcare,ourmuch-loved,30-yearold,ouryoungAustralianmodelofgrounded,collaborative,local, voluntary action to ‘care for the land’,within a context of support, innovation, risk-taking,capacitybuildingandknowledgesharing.Ouryoungsterneedstoventuremoreconfidentlyintotheworld, to be shaped and changed, to allow us to keep adapting and to reach out for new andimprovedoutcomeswithourglobalcollaborators.

ThepresentationwilllookathowLandcarebeganandadapted,fromtheearlydaysinthe1980’s,within progressive (but stressed) rural farming communities, growing by an organic process of‘inviting-in’ and ‘reaching-out’ into other communities and landscapes. The session will presentLandcareasatransferablemodelofself-relianceatthecommunityscale,bringinglocalfarm-basedknowledgeandlearningtogetherwithscience,innovative(government-community)extension,theenablinginfluenceofindigenousneedandknowledge,youngandolderknowledgeanddevelopinginteractionswithunlikely,unusualbuttransformative‘partners’andcollaborators.

November2017isagreattimeforthisgathering;Landcarehasreachedearlymaturity;withmuchsharablecontentandadvocates,thatenablesustoanalysetheLandcare‘model’.TheKeynotewillhelp reflect and ‘distil’ the essence of Landcare, so we can state the sharable model. We willconsideran‘elevatorpitch’fora‘Landcareeverywhere’modelfortheworldasanaidtoknowledgetransfer.This isnot just forAustralia’sownreflection,buttodefineLandcareasa legitimateandimportantworldmodeloflocalandempoweredself-reliance,togroundLandcareasacontinuouslyadaptivemodelwithinacontextofclimateimpactsonagriculture,foodsecurityandecology,andtheimportantsharedprocessofLandcareasdiscoveryandco-development.

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Session3-1

RobYoul Chair,AustralianLandcareInternational,Australia

BehindLandcare'ssuccess:Soundmanagementatstateandnationallevels

LandcarestartedinAustralia31yearsago,whenagroupwaslaunchedatWinjallokinVictoriaon25 November 1986. Today 5-6000 groups operate nationwide, often formed into networks tobetterutiliseregionalresources.

InAustralia,Landcare’smajorfunctionsarecommunityactiononenvironmentalrestoration-withamulti-disciplinaryapproach;sustainabilityprojects,especiallyamongstfarmers;advicetoalltiersof government; training at many levels covering co-ordinators and community; on-groundmanagement of numerous public reserves; citizen science, such as Waterwatch programs;environmentaleducationforschoolsandthepublic;and, increasingly,post-disasterrehabilitationwithincommunitiesaffectedbycyclones,floodsandwildfire.Notunexpectedly,thisbroadcharterrequiresmuch effort behind the scenes. This paper lists themany infrastructural elements thathaveevolvedinAustralia.OthercountriesinitiatingLandcarewillprobablyneedsimilarprovisions.

They include publicity; non-government (corporate, philanthropic and community, including‘crowd’) fund-raising; political lobbying; liaison and direct collaboration with all tiers ofgovernment; insurance; legal support for incorporation; signage and logos, including usage forcommercial purposes; appointing official patrons; supporting revegetation contractors andrevegetation nurseries; co-ordinating volunteers; spreading the word overseas; ensuringinvolvement of ethnic and indigenous communities; awards and honours; and forging linkswithartists,musicians,writersandpoets.Notyetachieved,buthighlydesirable,wouldbesystemsofenvironmental payments to landowners helping broader communities by protecting biodiversity,sequesteringcarbon,restoringlandscapesandmaintainingcatchmentvalues.

All this needs excellent internal communications, readily achieved today via the internet. It alsodemands specialised support from government departments, budget allocations coveringcommunityprojectsandcontributionstowardsgroupandnetworkoverheads,andpossiblyformaladvisorycommittees.

Involved in Landcare since its inception, the author briefly discusses thesemanagerial elementsfromtheAustralianstandpoint.Heisparticularlyinterestedinonlinetrainingand,asaforesterforfifty-five years, promoting major multi-network revegetation projects, especially across stateboundaries,whichsadly,inAustralia,oftenhamperconcertedaction.

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Session3-2

Beatrice Dossah was a late but welcome addition to the speaker's list and was unable to supply her abstract for this publication.

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Session3-3

NickEdgar ChiefExecutive,NZLandcareTrust,NewZealand

Predictingthesuccessofcommunity-ledresourcemanagementinitiatives

Theresourcemanagementframework inNewZealandplacesconsiderableemphasisonengaging

communities to address water quality problems. This has resulted in a resurgence in

community-led approaches to catchment management. The NZ Landcare Trust has lead and

deliveredanumberofsuccessfulcatchmentmanagementprojectsinrecentyears. Collaborative

efforts between the NZ Landcare Trust, local farmers and the wider catchment community to

improveriverandcoastalwaterqualityresulted intheAorereRiverbeingawardedthe inaugural

MorganFoundationNZRiverPrizeinSeptember2015bytheInternationalRiverFoundation.

KeyaspectsoftheAorereRiver initiativehavebeenintegraltothesuccessofthiscommunity-led

approach. These have included the initiative’s focus on “farmers as leaders” of water quality

improvement, using science to model catchment cause and effect dynamics, developing farm

plansthatpromotegoodmanagementpracticestoreduceagriculturalrunoffintowaterways,anda

varietyofengagementpracticesaimedatenhancingcommunityownershipofwaterqualityissues

andsolutions.

The NZ Landcare Trust has been supporting a number of other community-led catchment

managementprojectsinNewZealand. TheseincludetheKakanuiCommunityCatchmentProject

(Kakanui River, Otago Region), the North Canterbury Sustainable Farming Systems Project

(Canterbury Region), and the Upper Buller Enhancement Group Project (Buller River, Tasman

District). Implementation of these catchment management initiatives has included research to

identifypredictorsofsuccessfulcommunity-ledwaterqualitymanagement.

Sixkeypredictorsofsuccessordeterminantsofeffectivecommunityengagementwereidentified.

The identification of key determinants of successful community-led catchmentmanagementwill

allow the transfer and application of this knowledge to other catchments in New Zealand, and

potentially,toothercountries.

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Session3-4

MeganRowlatt Co-founderandChair,IntrepidLandcare,Australia

IntrepidWay:Anadventurouswayforwardtowardsahappier,connected,sustainableworld

Since its inception thirty years ago, Landcare in Australia has grown to be one of the largestgrassroots environmental movements which is actively addressing some of Australia’s greatestenvironmentalandsustainabilityissues.

Butwhathasbeenmissing,isaneffectivecommunityengagementstrategytargetingyoungpeople,andthedevelopmentofyoungpeopletobestrong,resilient,compassionateleadersfortheissueswefacelocallyandglobally.

IntrepidLandcare isa refreshing, innovativeway forward thatengagesandempowersyouthandyoungadults acrossAustralia to leadand take actionon stuff thatmatters. Frommarinedebris,species decline, and habitat loss to reversing climate change, Intrepid Landcare supports youngpeopletodevelopskills,confidence,connectionandknowledgetotacklethesematters.

Inlessthan2years,IntrepidLandcarehasbecomeahighlyrecognisedorganisationandbrand,andhas inspired and supported the establishment of new youth-lead networks and projects beingdeliveredbyyoungpeopleforyoungpeopleacrossAustralia.

Over75%ofyoungpeopleinvolvedinIntrepidLandcareprogramssaythatourleadershiptrainingchanged their Landcare experience - and their life, and over 80% of all people who attendedIntrepidLandcaretrainingsaythatithasimpactedtheirengagementandleadershippractice.

RegionalandmetropolitancommunitiesthatwehaveworkedwithsayIntrepidLandcareprogramsencourage cross-sectoral, regional, intergenerational and cultural collaborations, which bringspurposeful support for youth through mentorship, sponsorship and personal relationships. Andyoung people are constantly sharing how happy they feel having being involved in IntrepidLandcare.

Thispresentationwillexploreandshare theevolutionof IntrepidLandcare,andhowtaking risksandhaving funhas lead to theestablishmentof a successful youthengagement initiative that isinspiring and supporting the development of happier, healthier, connected communities takingactiononstuffthatmatters.

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Session4

LandcareasaTransformativeAgentinCrises(IncludingNaturalDisasters

andEmergencies)

KeynoteSpeech

StewartLockie DistinguishedProfessorandDirector,TheCairnsInstitute,

JamesCookUniversity,Australia

Communityastransformationagentandthetemporalityofdisaster

The importance of altruistic social relationships, and the limitations of state capacity, in helping

people cope with natural and technological disasters is reflected in a variety of approaches to

community-basedplanning, resourcemanagement, risk reduction,emergencyreliefetc.Thevery

importance of community begs questions, however, two of which will be explored in this

presentation.First,justhowmuchcanbeexpectedofcommunitywhendisastersare,bydefinition,

eventsthatexceedourabilitytocope?Whiletheanswertothisquestionwill,ofcourse,becontext

specific, it is important toconsiderwhether lessonscanbedrawn fromdisaster research for the

design and support of community-based programs that do make a genuine difference to risk

reduction,post-disaster recovery,etc.Second, justhowmuchcanbeexpectedwhen inequalities

withinandbetweencommunitiesaremajordeterminantsofvulnerabilityandconflict?Again,it is

important to consider whether lessons can be drawn for the design of programs that deal

constructively with competing interests, values and aspirations – with tension between the

resilience of communities 'as they are' and the desirability of pre- or post-disaster social

transformation. A key theme running through exploration of both questions will be time.More

specifically,thepresentationwillconsiderhowthetemporalityofdisasterevents(theirfrequency,

tempo,durationetc.)shapeexperiencesoftraumaandresponse.

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Session4-1

MaryJohnson RoyalMelbourneInstituteofTechnology,Australia

EvyCarusos ProjectManager,LandcareFoundationofthePhilippines,Inc.,Philippines

Lessonsfromthefield:Mitigationandvulnerablecommunities

ThePhilippinesisidentifiedasoneofthemostdisaster-pronecountriesintheworld.Moreover,for

overfourdecadestheMindanaoregionofthePhilippineshasexperiencedanotherformofdisaster

-armedconflict-whichsometimesturnsviolent.

AsignificantoutcomeoftheMindanaoconflictisincomedeprivation,alongwithsocialdislocation

and isolation from services. Successfulmitigation, recovery or rebuilding is highly contingent on

communitycapacity.Since2013AustralianandPhilippineresearchteamshavebeenjointlyworking

with conflict vulnerable Mindanao communities on community-based livelihood improvement

activities.

Lessonsfromthefieldfeaturesocialorganisationexamplessuchasnetworks,trustandreciprocity,

that improve theabilityof community toengage in coordinatedendeavours includingmitigation

andrecovery.

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Session4-2

AshleyBland SustainabilityManager,SkillsetEnvironment,Bathurst,Australia

GreenBuildingsandmarketdrivers–AcasestudyanalogyforLandcareandsustainabilityThe desire to improve environmental performance has not just been limited to farms and

landscapes in Australia. Activists of the 60’s and beyond frequently promoted an image of

sustainablelivingthatincludedenvironmentallyfriendlyhousingwithdesignandmaterialchoices

tolimitsocialandecologicalharm.ThismovementultimatelyledtoupgradingtheBuildingCodeof

Australiain2003toincludeenergyefficiencyand,soonafter,variousState-basedhomestarrating

schemes.Everyhomebuiltnowneedstomeetminimumstarratingsoutofamaximum10starsto

beapproved forconstruction.Homeswithmorestarsareworthmore in themarket.Theresults

aresustainability impactsthatareclearandmeasurable,andthatdrivebehavioursandresilience

thinking.

Imagine a similar system for landholders. What would be the indicators of higher performing,

betterpropertiesandhowwouldtheybemeasured?Whatmarketmechanismcouldbeharnessed

todrivebehaviourchangebymakingpeoplewanthigherstarratings?Whatlegislativeframework

mightbeconsideredtosetminimumstandards?

InthissessionIwilldescribehowSkillsethasworkedwithGreenHomesAustraliasince2008with

the aim of further transforming the housing sector by both increasing the demand for energy

efficient, environmentally friendly, affordable homes and training builders to be competent in

delivery. For Landcare, there are many parallels and lessons to be taken regarding: the

implementation of scientific and evidence-based knowledge in an accessible way, properly

understanding the target audience, critically analysing the true role and capacity of various

stakeholders, understanding the effectiveness of top-down versus bottom up drivers, and,

accountingfortheimportanceofexternalsocialfactorsandtiming.

This paper/presentation reflects on lessons through the Green Homes journey and points to a

possible model that could increase the uptake of Landcare and create a robust framework for

funding.

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Session4-3

KazukiKagohashi SeniorResearchFellow,NanzanUniversityInstituteforSocialEthics,Japan;

Vice-chair,SecretariattoPromotetheEstablishmentofLandcareinJapan

Whatdeterminestheresilienceoflocalcommunities?Acomparativeanalysis

betweenLandcareandapondirrigationsysteminJapan

ThispresentationfocusesonacaseofdroughtadaptationinapondirrigationsystemintheSanuki

PlaininJapanandexaminestheresiliencethereofinlightoftheunderlyingprinciplesofLandcare–

i.e.,autonomyoflocalgroups,apracticalandholisticapproachtolocalissuesandpartnershipand

networkingamongthevariousactors(includingnotonlyotherLandcaregroupsbutgovernments,

academics, specialists, business corporations, NGOs, etc.). The Sanuki Plain is located in Kagawa

PrefectureontheIslandofShikokuinJapanandisknownasoneofthemostdrought-proneareas

ofJapan.Tocopewithseriousdroughts,morethan14,000pondshavebeenconstructedoverthe

centuriesandfarmershavedevelopedvariouslocaltraditionsforwatermanagement.TheKagawa

Canal,whichdeliverswaterfromoutsidetheSanukiPlain,wasconstructedinthe1970stomitigate

droughts. The combination of the traditional knowledge by which farmers effectively adapt to

drought situations and the modern infrastructure of the Kagawa Canal have contributed to

augmentingtheresilienceofthepondirrigationsystemintheSanukiPlain.Iwillarguethatwecan

find a commonality between Landcare and the pond irrigation system in the Sanuki Plain in the

autonomyoflocalgroups,thepracticalviewpoints(focusingaspecificobjective)andinnetworking.

Specifically, “theprincipleof subsidiarity”wouldbeakey toeffectiveadaption to thecrises that

localcommunitiesface.

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Session4-4

JenQuealy MasterofResearchStudent,WesternSydneyUniversity;AustralianLandcareVolunteer;GeneralManager,TBLCreativePartnerships,Australia

Landcareinpost-disasterrecoverypracticeandsocialsectorpartnerships

The Community Landcare model, which includes the knowledge and values held by Landcare

networks, makes Landcare an ideal partner of broader communities and agencies, for both the

thinking and preparation for, and the responses and recovery from natural disasters and

emergencies. Landcare helps build resilience. But Landcare hasn’t been a formal emergencies

partner,exceptinafewcases,andissometimesleftoutofsuchstructuresandresources.Research

is needed to understand the experience of Landcare in disasters, and that where and when

Landcareisinvolved,recoverycanbemoresuccessfulandsustainable,canbuildresilienceinboth

landscapeandcommunity,andcanextendtheLandcaremodel’srelevancetotheworld.Iwilllook

at theemergingLandcare role in suchevents, through threecase studies, (cyclone, fireandpest

animals) to focusattentionondescribinganactivecommunityLandcarerole, inpartnershipwith

the ‘usual’ emergency and disaster agencies. I aim to raise discussion around the critical role of

Landcare (and resourcing this) in pre-building both community and landscape resilience, with

Landcarebeingtheultimate‘greeninfrastructure’thatanycommunity,anywhere,needsandcan

developtoassistthemthroughsuchchallenges.

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Session5

InnovationandRiskTakingthroughLandcareApproaches

KeynoteSpeech

RossColliver Director,TheTrainingandDevelopmentGroup;

VictorianLandcareCouncilCommitteeofManagement,Australia

Learninglikecrazy:Prototypes,heuristicsandemergentpractices

Three passions drive Landcare at local level -love of the land,mutual responsibility and learning

with peers. This keynote takes up the third of these, and asks how learning with peers can be

extended beyond the local sphere, to strengthen the place and contribution of Landcare, and

improve public governance. In the Australian context, organising in community continues to be

marginalised by top-down scientific management; with collaboration and advocacy, Landcare

continuestomaintainitsinfluence.Butwhatcanwedotomovelearningfromthemanyisolated

localsocialnetworksinwhichitfirstarisesandconnectthis intoawidernetworkatregionaland

Statescale? IdescribeCLEA(CommunityLearningforEnvironmentalAction),athreeyearproject

researchingways tostrengthenpeer-to-peer learning in theLandcarecommunity inVictoria.The

threestrategiesofthisprojectconstituteaprototypeforscalingupandscalingoutsociallearning

in Landcare. A second challenge in moving learning beyond the local is how to improve the

practicesand institutional relationshipsofpublicgovernance.Approachedasco-design, this isan

undertaking premised on equality between practitioners, paid and unpaid, at local, regional and

state level, andon social learningbetween thosepractitioners.Here, I describe five yearsof the

Systemic Inquiry into NRM Governance, a project bringing systems thinking and practice into

co-design, a task inwhich Landcare staff andvolunteershavebeenmajor contributors. Forboth

projects, the aspiration is that learning between peers can widen beyond tacit and localised

knowledge to explicit practice that influences howwe organise local actionand our governance

systems. I describe somemodels of learning thathave informedbothprojects, treating these as

heuristics thatguideaction. I thendiscuss sevenpracticesofdesign for social learning thathave

emergedfromtheprojects.

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Session5-1

LiddyNevile ComputerScientist;Member,BellarineLandcareGroup,Australia

Landcareas‘CaringforCountry’

In this talk, Liddyhas takennoteof theAustralianAboriginal community’s expression ‘caring for

country’.ItreferstothemanypracticesthathaveoperatedinAustraliaforthousandsofyears.

Australia is an old country and its environment is fragile. Aboriginal practices have supported

inhabitantswithoutdestructionoftheenvironmentbutinthelasttwohundredyearsthelandhas

changed.Thistalkwilldrawattentiontothedifferencesbetweentheoldandnewpracticesandask

if the immigrantsof the last200yearsmightbeableto learnfromtheirpredecessors,and if the

volunteeringenterpriseLandcareitselfmightalsobenefitfromstudyingtheolderpractices.

Inparticular,Liddycontraststherolefirescanplayintheenvironmentandassociatedpracticesasa

wayofdrawingattentiontoandinterpretinglandcareandcaringforcountry.Thesocialpractices

thatsupportthedifferencesarealsoconsidered.

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Session5-2

JosephTanui LandcareCoordinatorandCo-chair,AfricanLandcareNetwork,Kenya

StrengtheningruralinstitutionsinSub-SaharaAfrica:StrategiesforeffectivecapacitybuildingofgrassrootscommunitiesthroughtheLandcareapproachACriticalperspectiveinaddressingemergingglobalchallengesoffoodinsecurity,poverty,climate

change, ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss is understanding their high interlinkages.

These interconnectionsare increasinglyapparent inAfrica’sgrowingeconomiesandthreatenthe

development gains achieved painstakingly over the last three or four decades. Further, African

farming systems are highly heterogeneous: between agro ecological and socioeconomic

environments, inthewidevariability infarmers’resourceendowmentsandinfarmmanagement.

Smallholderfarmersinrurallandscapescontinuetodominateagricultureinthedevelopingregions

of the world. In Africa, smallholder farmers are experiencing formidable challenges, rapid

populationgrowth,intensifiedpressureonnaturalresourcesandintensivefarmingonsmallplots.

This notwithstanding, smallholder farmers have increasingly sought solutions beyond traditional

agriculturalapproaches.Thoughadvances inscienceandtechnologyofferopportunities formore

rewardingandefficientuseofresources,however,adoptionratesremainlow.Poorinvestmentin

sustainable solutions by smallholder farmers can be attributed to weak institutional support,

shortfalls in extension service models, weak and inappropriate governance and regulatory

processesandlowmarketintegration.Thepaperhighlightslessonsandinsightsfromtheadoption

oftheLandcareapproachintheregionwherebuildingblocksforasocialinfrastructure,apathway

for successful strengthening of grassroots institutions hitherto amissing link for large-scale rural

development.

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Session5-3

TokihikoFujimoto AssociateProfessor,FacultyofAgriculture,ShizuokaUniversity,Japan

Renewableenergyandsmallsociety:Casestudiesofcommunitypracticein

Japanesemountainousvillages

Inthispresentation,wearegoingtotalkingaboutkindsofrenewableenergies(naturalresources)

for community development. We will focus on community based action toward sustainable

communitybyappropriatemanagementofnaturalresourcesandenergies.Renewableenergiesare

essentially local commons. So, in caseof installingandmanaging renewableenergy resourcesby

community powers, renewable energies contribute to energy independence and regional

sustainability.

We want to insist on that we pay attention to Small Hydropower (=SHP) toward community

sustainability.Hydropowerenergiesarehighlypublicfromthebeginningofdevelopingnation-state

inthelastof19thcentury.Untilthemiddleof20century,almostmegahydropowerwhichprovided

withbigdamwerealreadydevelopedindevelopedcountries.But,therearestillexistingsmall-scale

hydropowerpotentialsinthemountainousandremotearea.

In the aspect of community development, “Landcare” approach for consensus building about

focusing, installingandmanagingSHPwill raisenotnation-state’sbenefitsbutawarenessof local

people byproposing variousproblems and introducing knowledge and appropriate technologies.

Therefore,localpeoplecanmakedemocraticdialoguesaboutmanaginglocalresourceswithfuture

visionandfuturedesignoftheircommunities,basedonthelandbasedenvironmentalcapacity.

Thepurposeofthispresentationwilldiscusswithpracticalmethodologyandcomputepossibilityof

“Landcare”approach for installingnewSHP, for thepurposeofmakingcommunities sustainable,

basedonourcasestudiesandpracticalexperiencesinJapanesemountainousvillages.

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Session5-4

PipJob SeniorProjectManager,NewSouthWalesDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries;CEO,LittleRiver

Landcare,Australia,2014NationalRuralWomanoftheYear

Landcare–Leveragingtheopaquetobuildresilience

Landcare provides so much more than planting trees. Yes, Landcare does make a significant

contribution towards the betterment of our landscape, improvement in ecosystem function and

increasedsustainableagriculturalpracticeadoption,butitaddsvalueinareasthatarelesstangible

andoften,alittlemoredifficulttoevaluatefromaquantitativeperspective.LandcareinAustralia

isn’t just ‘green’ (enviro) or ‘brown’ (agriculture), it’s a beautiful shade of ‘khaki’ with a lot of

opaqueelementstoo.

Afterworking for the LittleRiver LandcareGroup in theCentralWestofNSW inAustralia for12

years I will reflect on those opaque areas of value and what that means to the Little River

community andmore broadly. Someof the key opaque elements are the role Landcare plays in

beinganimportantpartofthesocialfabricofacommunity,itsabilitytobeinclusiveandprovidea

senseofconnectedness,problemssolvingof localised issuesandstrong leadership in the faceof

adversityanditsholisticapproachandabilitytosoftenred-tapetoachieveoutputsandoutcomes

forinvestorsandstakeholders.

Landcare drives community resilience and in some cases, helps to build individual and family

resilience.Landcaregivessomuchmorethanwhatisperceived.Itisapowerfulvehicletoleverage

givenitsstrongleveloftrustandrespectatalocalisedlevel.

This presentation will focus on key reflections and observations during my time as a Landcare

employeeandtheworkIdotodayanddrawonpersonalexperiencesacrossthekey‘opaque’areas

inwhichLandcarethrives.

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Session6

SystemicChange,andMergingDiscourses

KeynoteSpeech

YvonneEverett Professor,DepartmentofEnvironmentalScienceandManagement,

HumboldtStateUniversity,USA

Crossscalestewardshipcapacityofcommunitybasedorganizationsfromnorthern

CaliforniaacrosstheAmericanwesttoWashingtonDC:Willitworkforcannabis?

Community based organizations (CBO), what might be called Landcare groups, have long been

involvedinnaturalresourcemanagementandconservationonprivateandpubliclandintheUnited

States. TheapproachesCBOshaveusedhaverangedfromcooperationandpartnershipamong

private landowners,with the public sector, andwith private industry to active protest and legal

challengesagainstperceivedpublicandprivatesectorfailures(Speece2016). Inthe1990’snew

CBOsemerged in theWesternUnitedStates thathavedeveloped their communities’ capacity to

respond creatively and effectively to a wide range of natural resource management challenges

locally,whilenetworkingwithCBOsatregionalandnationallevelstoaffectpolicyshiftsatbroader

scales (Abrams, Davis and Moseley 2015; Baker and Kusel 2003; Charnley et al. 2014). These

groupshavemaderuralcommunityvoicesheard,influencingpolicydecisionsbystateandfederal

governmentinanewtwistonpolycentricgovernance(AndersonandOstrom2008).Theirgrowing

organizational capacity has led some CBO to develop strong networks and partnerships for

implementing environmental stewardship across jurisdictional boundaries. These activities take

place in relatively remote rural areas that experience a vacuum of national, state and local

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governancecapacityonfederalandprivatelands.Thispresentationwillilluminatetheseprocesses

for the case of farNorthern California. Local forest, range andwatershed restorationwork by a

number of CBO there has included fuels reduction and prescribed fire management, invasive

speciesremoval,fisherieshabitatandoakwoodlandsrestorationandcommunitycapacitybuilding

alongwithregionalandnationalcollaborativenetworkingtoeffectpolicychangeatthestateand

federallevels. Currently,theseorganizationsarerespondingtotherelativelyrecentchallengeof

newlysemi-legalcannabiscultivationthatthreatensmuchoftherestorationandgovernancework

CBOhavebeeninvolvedin,andpromisestobeatestofgovernanceandofallofthecrossscaleand

crossboundarystewardshipcapacityCBOhavemusteredtodate.

References:

Abrams,J.,E.J.DavisandC.Moseley.2015.Community-BasedOrganizationsandInstitutionalWorkintheRemoteRuralWest.ReviewofPolicyResearch,Volume32,Number6Anderson K.P. and E.Ostrom2008. Analyzing decentralized resource regimes from a polycentricperspective.PolicySci(2008)41:71-93

Baker,MarkandJ.Kusel.2003.CommunityForestryintheUnitedStates:LearningFromthePast,CraftingTheFuture. IslandPress,WashingtonD.C.

Charnley,S.,T.SheridanandG.Nabhan.2014.StitchingtheWestBackTogether:ConservationofWorkingLandscapes. UniversityofChicagoPress,Chicago.

Speece,Darren.2016.DefendingGiants:TheRedwoodWarsandtheTransformationofAmericanEnvironmentalPolitics.UniversityofWashingtonPress,Seattle.

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Session6-1

AndresArnalds ProjectManager,SoilConservationServiceofIceland

BrianSlater OhioStateUniversity,USA

JoninaS.Thorlaksdottir RifFieldStation,Iceland

FredYikii MakerereUniversity,Uganda

Knowledgeandprogress-Buildingthebridges

Experiences from community-based approaches in caring for the land indicate a need to build a

stronger bridge between the generation of knowledge and action for progress. Such a paradigm

shifthasthepotentialtogenerateknowledgeacrossunprecedentedscalesandatlowercostthan

throughconventionalapproaches.

Thismeansthatresearchandotherrelevantinstitutionsneedtobestakeholdersinthechange,and

activelyformingacommunitywithlandmanagers.Thisextendstoresearchinitiation,definingthe

keyquestionsofwhyandforwhom,settingtheresearchquestions,planning(thehow), funding,

operation,andassessment.Commonfailuresofpastapproachesarepartlyfromlackofrespectfor

theprinciplethatknowledgeismostusefulandusedwhenitisjointlyproducedbyparticipantsin

decision and action for progress, such as by land users, and experts with technical and domain

knowledge.

Thepresentationwill examine the conceptof participatory knowledgemanagement approaches,

suchasinresearch,planning,monitoringandevaluationwithaviewofimprovingprogressincaring

forthe land.Whatconditionsneedtobe inplace,howdowefosterco-productionofknowledge

andformbondsbetweengroupslikeresearchers,professionalsandfarmers?Howcanparticipation

aid in learning, developing awareness and skills, increasing capacity, reducing costs, and

strengtheningpolicyformation?Whatistheroleofsuchapproachesinadvancingunderstandingof

theneedsof the land, fosteringawareness, land literacyandethic?Can theprocessofcapturing

datainacollaborativeenvironmentbeasimportantastheactualdataitself?

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Session6-2

KayeRodden DeputyChair,LandcareVictoriaInc.,Australia

TerryHubbard Chair,NationalLandcareNetworkandLandcareVictoriaInc.,Australia

TheMeaningofSupport!

The history of Landcare’s formation and expansion in Victoria, Australia and overseas, is well

documented elsewhere. It commenced as a willing and respectful partnership between

organisations, who had a vision of a community led approach to sustainable private land

management,withasupportinggovernmentpolicyframeworkthatsmoothedthewayandprovide

foundationalresourcingtoenabletheprocess.

Whilst many associate Landcare with action to build a sustainable and productive natural

environment, what sets Landcare apart is its focus on building resilient and sustainable

communities thathave the capacity to act to repair, enhanceandmaintain thenatural assets in

theirlandscape.

Thesecommunities ineffectactuallybecomeavaluableassetthemselvesandtheirabilitytoadd

value to investments from elsewhere means that their economic value to governments of all

persuasionissignificant.

Thequestioniswhatdoesittaketoprovideanenvironmentwherethiscommunityasset,likeother

assetswithinourlandscape,canthrivetoapointwhereitisself-reliantandregenerative?

Self-relianceevolvesfromaconfidenceinbeingabletomakedecisionsasacommunity,whichare

respected, acknowledged and included in those government andnon-government policieswhich

willhaveanimmediateimpactonthatcommunity.Policysettings,atwhateverlevelofgovernment,

andsubsequentresourcingneedtodevelopaframeworkthatenablesthisprocesstooccur.

This presentationwill discuss some of our experiences in what helps tomake a strong resilient

Landcarecommunity,andhowgovernmentcanhelp.

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Session6-3

LisaRobins HonorarySeniorLecturer,FennerSchoolofEnvironmentandSociety,

AustralianNationalUniversity,Australia

What might Australia’s ‘Landcare’ contribute to achieving the SustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)?:Alocalself-relianceapproachtoglobalsustainability

ThispapermapstheAustralianexperienceofLandcareagainst theUnitedNations’ frameworkof

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The ‘Landcare approach’ in its contemporary form is

articulatedinthe‘AustralianFrameworkforLandcare2010–2020’ascomprisingtheLandcareethic

(a philosophy, influencing the way people live in the landscape while caring for the land), the

Landcaremovement foundedonstewardshipandvolunteers (localcommunityactionputtingthe

philosophy intopractice)andtheLandcaremodel (a rangeofknowledgegeneration, sharingand

support mechanisms including groups, networks from district to national levels, facilitators and

coordinators, government and non-government programs and partnerships). Landcare is an

example of a long-lasting local self-reliance approach that has been flexible, innovative and

dynamic enough to survive for over 30 years and, mostly, thrive in an ever-changing, and

occasionally evenhostile, policy environment. The analysis presented in this paper suggests that

the Landcare approach hasmuch to contribute beyond Australia to achieving the SDGs in both

developedanddevelopingcountrycontexts.

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Session6-4

MichaelT.Seigel VisitingResearchFellow,NanzanUniversityInstituteforSocialEthics,Japan;

Chair,SecretariattoPromotetheEstablishmentofLandcareinJapan

LandcareasanexplorationofmeansofimplementingthePrincipleofSubsidiarity

Many interpretations of the principle of subsidiarity treat it merely as a principle dealing with

appropriate levels for decision-making, arguing that decision-making should be at the lowest,

smallest scale, most local level possible for the particular decision. The principle is reduced to

somethingsimilartothedevolutionofpowerordecentralisation.

ThePrincipleofSubsidiarity

1. Theword“subsidiarity”isderivedfromtheLatin“subsidium”(help,relief;reinforcement).Itis

not just thedevolutionofdecision-makingauthoritybutapositive roleof strengtheningand

empowering.

2. Theprincipledoesnotsimplypointtoakindofinvertedhierarchyinwhichdecision-makingis

devolved from central government to regional governments, regional governments to local

governments,andlocalgovernmentstoindividualsorsmallgroups.Itisaboutoptimalsupport

foreachlevelofsocietyfromeachlevelofsociety.

No manual exists for the implementation of the principle of subsidiarity and many factors in

governance work against it. The experience of Landcare may help identify strategies for

implementation.

LessonsfromLandcare

1. Networking and partnership are an effective means to supporting and empowering local

autonomousgroups.

2. TheexperiencethatsomegovernmentsmaybelessawareandlessattentivetoLandcarehas

demonstratedtheneedforasysteminwhichthevoicesofthesmallestscaleandmost local

levelsofsocietycanmadetobeheardateverylevelofdecision-making.Asystematicfeedback

loopbringing the voicesof grassroots individuals and groups to all decision-making levels of

societyisessentialfortheimplementationoftheprincipleofsubsidiarity.Suchasystemmay

helpingettingdemocracybeyondthestultifiedstatethatitisin.

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Session6-5

Allan Dale Professor, Tropical Regional Development, The Cairns Institute, James Cook University,

Australia

Strengtheningnationalgovernancesystemstosupportself-reliance

The Australian and increasingly international Landcare movement reflects the re-emergence of

recognition of the concept of personal and local self-reliancewithin our national, provincial and

localgovernancesystems.WhilethewordisseldomusedtodescribeLandcare,theconceptdeeply

espousesandreflectsthekeygovernanceprincipleofsubsidiarity;themakingofdecisionsatthe

most appropriate scale to effect positive outcomes for society. In many of our nations, the

emergence of more centralized forms of governance have tended to eschew the subsidiarity

principle, implicitly (and often explicitly) diminishing the importance and profile of local

self-reliance.Thisongoing trend ingovernancesystemsacross theworldbringssignificant risk to

policydomains that fundamentally relyonthebehaviorof individuals,propertyownersand local

communitiesasthefirstlineofaction. Thispaperexploreswhylocalself-relianceissocriticalin

somany policy domains, ranging fromenvironmentalmanagement to health and socialwelfare,

law and order, counter-terrorism and even economic development. It then explores several

common trends in governance that weaken self-reliance. Finally, the paper explores what

governmentscando(fromnationaltolocallevels)torevisitsubsidiarity.Indoingso,Icelebratethe

conceptofLandcareasagrass-rootsmovementofextremelywideimportance.

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