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ABSTRACT
Spatio temporal analysis of the impact of telecom network coverage in Nigeria entails the
social, environment and economic implications of telecommunication in both rural and urban
centers of Lagos state.
The quest for modernization and the demand for effective communication necessitated the
development of telecommunication industry.
However in Nigeria, the major backbone in the telecom sector was recorded until the Obasanjo
administration. In sometimes 2000 when license was given to Vmobile to provide
telecommunication services in Nigeria.
The growth of telecommunication now recorded another era when the impact is been felt in
both rural and urban centers of Lagos, the telecom sector has also become a subject of
international discuss as Nigeria was rated the fastest growing telecom industry in Africa, such
that it has provided employment and increase social interaction among people.
The telecom industry is divided into and we have GSM operators (Global System Monitoring)
and PCO operators. This research therefore focuses on the impact of telecom as it’s concern
Rural and Urban taking into consideration GSM i.e. Vmobile now CELTEL Nigeria in particularly.
In other to realize the objectives of this study both primary and secondary data were used. The secondary data were gotten from National Communication Commission and International Telecommunication Union while primary data from questionnaire, two types were (i) questionnaire for general purpose and questionnaire (ii) for official purpose different sector e.g. Education, ICT, Agriculture, Health, and Banking.
In general questionnaire the set of question solicited information among other things on the
relationship between income and expenditure on phone, the call pattern of respondents in
terms of family, friends and business, and its opinion of sectoral development and importance.
An interview was conducted, question were asked by a member of the editorial board of Vee
network who shared more light on the gray area of the environmental and health effect of
GSM equipment.
The critical question were analyzed using computer system aided with MS EXCEL,
representing opinion and distribution of respondents with charts: pie, bar and multiple bar as
the case may be.
The hypotheses was tested using Spearman’s rank correlation statistics. And the line of best
fit was also constructed between rural Lagos and urban center.
The findings of the study shows that, there is a relationship in the impact of telecom growth
witnessed in urban centers and that witnessed in rural Lagos. This could also be seen in the
line of best fit of opinion poll conducted in both rural and urban centers in Lagos.
The study also shows that telecom instead of reducing the rate of urban influence, it has
contributed to it, instead it seems as a means of better informing rural dwellers of where
opportunities are bound for better options in education, business and Recreation.
Therefore, it can be concluded that as telecom growth is geometric in Nigeria. It has also lead
to growth or enhancement of services delivers in different sector except for health and
agriculture were little impact is felt and this is due to the country level of development.
In conclusion, telecommunication is an impetus for achieving optimal productivity social
interaction and integration not only in urban center but in rural area. Hence, it must not be
compromised as the effective regulation forward price or tariff should be encouraged for
accessibility by the poor.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The growth of telecom market in Nigeria continued at geometric rates, thereby sustaining the market as one of the fastest growing telecom market globally. From about 2.3million lines at the end of 2002, the number of connected telephone lines increased to about 4.04million at the end of 2003 and 10.20million in 2004. These represent an average annual growth rate of about 115% between 2002 and 2004. Equally, the usage and penetration of Internet services witnessed commensurate growth. Internet users increased from less than half a million in 2002 to about 1.6million in 2003 to 1.8million in 2004, representing increase in penetration from 0.3 in 2002 to 1.3 in 2003 to 1.4 in 2004.
The National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (NEEDS), highlights national socio-economic development aspirations, being aware of the catalytic role typically played by mobile telecommunications in socio-economic development in Africa, GSM operators in Nigeria have developed a joint Economic Development (JED) framework to support the government in the actualization of its objectives as set out in NEEDS. But apart from these aims the social, economic and environmental impact of telecommunication network coverage in Nigeria. Since telecommunication helps to increase in social terms-freedom of speech which is the self regulated contents and privacy which is personal information generated on the phone will not be misused nor used by another without informed content of the principal.
Economic impact will include increase in per capita-income, more even distribution of income, reduction in the level of unemployment, increase in the supply of high level of manpower Environmental Impact of telecommunication which has been a subtract between the Nigeria telecommunication and commission and the telecom operators on
one hand and the people on the other hand as the emissions from telecom masts could be harmful to human health, the report speculated that the emission could cause cancer and skin burns.
Telecommunications usage has caused growth and structural change in the economy,
which in turn have led to growth in the use of transportation.
We explained in an earlier section of this report that travel savings are not the usual
motivation for the implementation of teleprocesses but that travel saving could
sometimes be a result. In this section, we focus on the economy as a whole and show
how teleprocesses act to increase the use of transportation in the economy through
restructuring that requires more movement of people and goods. These effects are
related to but distinct from the geographic dispersion effects described in the previous
section.
There are two underlying economic mechanisms: qualitative and quantitative.
Qualitatively, telephenomena drive economic restructuring. Quantitatively,
telephenomena drive economic growth. Both the qualitative effect of restructuring and
the quantitative effect of growth stimulate higher levels of trip making.
The growing dependence of Nigeria business on telephenomena is shown by Morgan
Stanley calculations that information technology capital as a share of total industry
capital across the combined manufacturing and service sectors has grown from 0.4% in
1960 to 3% in 1991 (Roach, 1993).
The analysis of the above stated telecommunication variables would be counted out with the aid of Geostaistics which is a statistical method which where traditionally used in geo-sciences. These methods describe spatial correlation among sample data and use it in various types of spatial models. Geostatistics changes the entire methodology of sampling, traditional sampling method don’t work with auto correlated data and therefore the main purpose of sampling plan is to avoid spatial correlation.
In Geostatistics there is no need in avoiding auto correlated or autocorrelation and sampling becomes less restrictive.
Geostatistics also changes the emphasis from estimation of average to mapping distributed population as in the case of analyzing the spatial and temporal dimension of the impact of telecommunication network coverage in Nigeria.
Geostatistics is defined above, explains not only its applications with Geographic Information Systems but also the numerous application of mathematical analysis of varied spatial database. Geostatistics is also applied in various branches of human geography particularly those involving the spread of disease (Epidemiology) the practice of commerce and military planning (logistics) and the development of efficient spatial network (telecommunication).
In analyzing the spatio-temporal dimension of telecommunication network, our observational methodology will dictate the accuracy of subsequent analysis, in geography, this issue is complicated by unique variables and spatial patterns such as geospatial topology. An interesting feature in geostatics, every location display some form of spatial pattern, it is not to state that all variables such as social and economic impact are spatial dependent. Simply because network coverage are incapable of measurement separately from their surroundings. Such that there can be no perfect spatial distribution of network coverage of communities by CELTEL since that two or more communities can not share the network workstation thereby having different socio-economic impact on the area in different local government.
There are several difficulties associated with the analysis of spatial-temporal data, among are the boundary delineation, the location of study area boundary, moderable area unit and boundary delineation which is Lagos state, Nigeria and the positioning of boundaries affect various statistics, the size alone has larger implications, consider the study of network coverage in the \telecommunication industry in Lagos, where network coverage are expected to be higher because of the high influence of population and urbanization, due to this Lagos state has the largest number of covered area in Nigeria.
Geostatistics application falls also with in Geographic Information Systems, which can be thought of as a system for integrating data from various disciplines and formats to develop information about specific geographic area or site. GIS have the capacity of receiving inputs of tabular data, maps and statistics, GIS are related to and can be linked with database management system, statistical programs, computer aided design and image processing as illustrated below.
1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Human need communication, and from early history, various means have been used to provide communications at a distances with radio, telephone, television and computer links (network), which is now an integrated apart of the society.
The National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (NEEDS), highlights the national socio-economic development aspirations being aware of the catalytic role played by telecommunication in socio-economic development. Developments framework to support the government in actualization of it’s objectives as s et out in NEEDS. The impact of CELTEL (one of the GSM operators in Nigeria). Which is evaluating the impact of the network coverage growth in Lagos, whether it conforms with the join economic development(JED) framework set-out by the GSM operators in the year 2004.
In evaluating CELTEL’s activity in Lagos the spatio- temporal dimension has to be considered which is the growth/increase in number of base station over the years and also the growth in subscribers, if it has led to economic growth i.e. increase in per-capita income, employment generation and diversification of the economy. Both in he urban and rural part of Lagos state.
Telecommunication network coverage growth comes with different impact both in social, economic and environmental, the need for a comprehensive study and how it relates to the years of existence in a particular area (Lagos state to be precise). Since telecommunication services is very cumbersome as its involves the movement of equipment such as boxes and wires. Then network use to be done through wires i.e. cable are tied all around poles and connections are made through this means which are not environmentally friendly. But now more sophisticated networking are in place the use of satellite signals and wireless phones and more recently optic fibre and the system used i.e. how a GSM call is connected by CELTEL.
The process of connection two subscribers requires a n Interaction between the various network element. Even though the process takes a few seconds, each element must perform a task before the stage both in reverse term.
MSC- Mobile Station Controller
BSC- Base Station Controller
BTS – Base Transceiver Station
Human need telecommunication, and from early history, various means have been used
to provide communication at a distance, with radio, telephone, television and computer
links (networks). Which is now an integrated part of the society, it is now looks like our
need of information is almost as great as our need for energy. The economic growth
stimulated by telecommunications investment causes more use of transportation as the
production and delivery of goods and services increases. Economic growth in turn
causes further growth in telecommunications investment, and the cycle continues
(Olorunfunda, 1991).
Productivity improvement leads in the long run to personal income growth. To the
degree that a telecommuter, for example, consistently gets more work done in the
same number of working hours, the employee and the organization perform better and
incomes increase. Higher household incomes lead to more consumption of
transportation, Spending is much higher for transportation; at the same time, elasticity
of demand as personal income rises is higher for transportation than for information
technology.
Telecommunications and teleprocesses also create structural changes in the economy
that lead to more use of transportation. The most important of these are a more rapid
pace of activity and increased pressure for improved performance.
Companies tend to move faster in the face of competition coming from all directions
Telecommunication can play in economic growth and social integration and its impact in terms of the environment.
Apart from the socials impact which are freedom of speech, cultural enhancement in terms of the colour, race, sex, language and religion etc. and the Economic Impact, which are increase in the supply of high level manpower and diversification of the economy.
On a broader scale telecommunication has a great impact of Health, Agriculture, Education, Transportation and Administration.
The spatio-temporal analysis of the above variables and the effect of the telecommunication equipment such as mast in terms of the emissions of signal which could result into cancer and skin burns would be explained in the research.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The study is aimed at analyzing the s patio- temporal impact of telecommunication network coverage in Nigeria with specific reference to CELTEL’s Coverage in Lagos.
To achieve the above aim, the below objectives are:
ü To evaluate the spatio- temporal impact of CELTEL coverage on economic growth in Lagos state.
ü To determine the impact of telecommunication on socio-cultural integration of people living in Lagos.
ü To analyze its impact on the environment i.e. telecommunication equipment e.g. Cables and boxes and now telecommunication Mast.
ü To recommend possible solution and suggestions for further enforcement in telecommunication Services in Lagos, Nigeria.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION
1. How many subscribers are presently connected to in Nigeria.
(b) Who do they use their phone to call and how often do they call e.g. lover , family member, friends, people outside Lagos and business partner.
2. How much do commercial phone outlets make in a day, week or month.
(b) What is the number of employee in this outlets.
(c) How much do they pay at the end of the month.
3. How many base station do CELTEL have in Lagos state.
(b) What is their condition like in terms of emission, how many case of cancer skin burns have been recorded if any in such area.
(4). What is the tele-density of Nigeria
1.4 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
Ho: There is no relationship in the impact of telecommunication growth on environmental, social, and economic development witnessed in rural Lagos and urban centers of Lagos state.
Hi: There is a relationship in the impact of telecommunication growth on environmental, social, and economic development witnessed in rural Lagos and urban centers of Lagos state.
1.5 STUDY AREA
Lagos is the largest city in Nigeria, as only two census (in 1972 and 1991) have been taken since independence, estimates of its population vary considerably, but generally range from 10 to 15.5million people, makings it one of the most populous cities in Africa. But recent census result conducted in june 2006, shows that Lagos state has a
population of about 9.04 million, although here have been contending figures produced by the Lagos state government shows that it has about 13million people.
The climate in Lagos is similar to that up of the rest of southern Nigeria. There are two main seasons, with the heaviest rains falling from April to July. The main dry season is accompanied by harmathan winds from he Sahara Desert, which between December and early February can be quite strong.
Lagos is located in longitude 6o27o - 11oN and latitude 3o23o - 45oE and the area of the city is 787km2, area of land 614km2 and water 173.14km2.
Lagos consist of a large lagoon and an archipelago of large islands in the lagoon. The three Islands in Lagos are Lagos Island, Ikoyi and Victoria Island which is connected to the mainland by three large bridges, Eko Bridge, Carter bridge and Third Mainland Bridge, while the districts on the mainland isnclude Ebute-Meta, Surelere, Yaba (Lagos), Mushin, Maryland and Ikeja.
Lagos is Nigeria leading port, the port of Lagos, operated by the NPA is sight into two main sector, Lagos port, Apapa port and Tin Can Port, all located on the Gulf of Guinea, the poor features a railway. Lagos is also Nigeria’s commercial center. Many of the country’s largest banks and financial institutions a re located here. More than half of Nigeria’s industrial capacity is located in Lagos mainland suburb particularly in Ikeja industrial estates.
Transport in Lagos consist of ferries and highways link the parts of the city together, however, transport links within Lagos are congested, due in part to the geography of the city, as well as its explosive population growth. The lagos - ibadan express way and Lagos - Abeokuta expressway are the major arterial routes in the city and serves as an inter-state highways to Ibadan, Oyo state and Abeokuta, Ogun State respectively. The Lagos-Ibadan expressway also serves as a Christian highway because every first Friday of every month, the highway links over 500,000 Lagosians with the kilometer 42 Redeemed Christian Church Camp.
The area is also particular famous for its music and highlife, notably in areas a round Yaba and Surulere, as well as the National Stadium complex. Other area of the mainland include the middle class, slums, and suburbs of Ebute-Meta, Surulere, Yaba, Mushin and Ikeja.
Lagos island is the nerve center of the city and contains many of the largest markets in Lagos, its central business district, the central mosque, and the Oba’s palace. Though largely derelict, Tinubu Square on the North and South to place in 1914.
Perhaps the description would not be completed without mentioning CELTEL. A telecommunication company in Nigeria to be precise a GSM company. Four years ago just about on the (August 6, 2001). Econet wireless Nigeria, acquired the license of being the first company to Launch commercial GSM service in Nigeria. After while it was change into Vmoble Nigeria not until recently following the acquisition of 65% of
Vmobile share by CELTEL, it became the lion share holder and as such the name CELTEL Nigeria Plc.
1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY
This study will cover the impact of telecommunication growths on both Environment, Social and Economic life of the people of Nigeria. Things to do are:
i. Graphical representation of the growth of telecommunication subscribers in Nigeria over space and time.
ii. Statistical analysis of economic development as a result of telecommunication growth in Lagos.
iii. Distribution of Base station of CELETEL in Lagos state over space with the aid of Microsoft EXCEL.
iv. Map presentation of CELETEL coverage in Nigeria will specific reference to Lagos using .
v. To proffer/recommend possible solution for further improvement in telecommunication services in Nigeria.
Things the research would not cover
i. Other telecommunication network coverage but they would be mentioned for record purpose.
ii. Emphasis would be placed on Lagos State alone.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
It is a recognizable fact that the successes recorded by telecommunication industry in Nigeria between the year 2001 and 2006 a re well known around the world and that the need to produce appropriate indices and data on outcome of CELTEL”s network coverage and the impact telecommunication coverage in Nigeria, which has to do with spatial and temporal dimension of Economic and social impact.
The data or research is of a benefit to us in other to deduce that there is a direct connection between the telecommunication growth and economic and social growth. And also whether the telecommunication operation instrument such as mast has environmental impact such as healthy nature of the environment in terms of the emissions which will lead to Cancer or skin burns. The compilation, updating, organizing, storage and retrieval for usage of details of any spatial application of probabilities methods to regionalized data and variable. So data such as impact of
telecom coverage can be reviewed, updated for usage from time to time with the aid of this research.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
CAD- Computer Aided Design
Chart- A page of sheet of information inform of a diagram.
CIA-Central Intelligence Agency
Co-ordinates- Either of two numbers or letters used to fix the position of a point on a map.
Coverage- the amount of something that another thing provide.
DATA- a quantitative information.
DBMS- Database Management System
Graph- a planed drawing consisting of link(s)
GSM- Global System for Mobile Communication
JED- Joint Economic Development
Model- a copy of something on a much smaller scale.
NEEDS- National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy.
Network- A group of workstations in different places that are connected to provide specific service(s)
Region- an administrative division of a country
Services- a system that supply public needs
SMS- Short Message Services
Subscribers- Number of people taking part in an activity, use or service.
System- a set of connected things that form a w hole or work together.
Temporal- a secular denoting time.
Variables- Number of quality that cant vary or be varied.
Workstations- location of a stage in production or manufacturing process.
Zones- an area with peculiar characteristics purpose, or use.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK2.1: LITERATURE REVIEW
Telecommunication is the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. In modern times, this process almost always involves the sending of electromagnetic waves by electronic transmitters but in earlier years it may have involved the use of smoke signals, drums or semaphore. Today, telecommunication is widespread and devices that assist the process such as the television, radio and telephone are common in many parts of the world. There is also a vast array of networks that connect these devices, including computer networks, public telephone networks, radio networks and television networks. Computer communication across the Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging, is just one of many examples of telecommunication.
2.1.1: EARLY TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Early forms of telecommunication include smoke signals and drums. Natives in Africa,
New Guinea and South America used drums whereas natives in North America and
China used smoke signals. Contrary to what one might think, these systems were often
used to do more than merely announce the presence of a camp.
In 1792, a French engineer, Claude Chappe built the first fixed visual telegraphy (or
semaphore) system between Lille and Paris. However semaphore as a communication
system suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers often at
intervals of only ten to thirty kilometers (six to nineteen miles). As a result, the last
commercial line was abandoned in 1880.
Telegraph and telephone
The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed by Sir Charles Wheatstone and
Sir William Fothergill Cooke and opened on 9 April 1839. Both Wheatstone and Cooke
viewed their device as "an improvement to the [existing] electromagnetic telegraph"
not as a new device.
On the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, Samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on 2 September 1837. Soon after Alfred Vail who developed the register joined him — a telegraph terminal that integrated a logging device for recording messages to paper tape. This was demonstrated successfully on 6 January 1838. The first transatlantic telegraph cable was successfully completed on 27 July 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time.
Alexander Bell invented the conventional telephone in 1876. Although in 1849 Antonio Meucci invented a device that allowed the electrical transmission of voice over a line. Meucci's device depended upon the electrophonic effect and was of little practical value because it required users to place the receiver in their mouth to “hear” what was being said. The first commercial telephone services were set-up in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and London.
2.1.2: SOCIETY AND TELECOMMUNICATION
Telecommunication is an important part of many modern societies. In 2006, estimates place the telecommunication industry's revenue at $1.2 trillion or just under 3% of the gross world product. Good telecommunication infrastructure is widely acknowledged as important for economic success in the modern world both on a micro and macroeconomic scale. And, for this reason, there is increasing worry about the so-called digital divide. Figures such as Kofi Annan, Jeffrey Sachs, Al Gore, Michael Moore and Newt Gingrich have all noted that
"over half the world's population has never made or received a phone call." While this is probably true, critics note that the statement is often made without attribution to research. That said, the truth remains that access to telecommunication systems is not equally shared amongst the world's population. A 2003 survey by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) revealed that roughly one-third of countries have less than 1 mobile subscription for every 20 people and one-third of countries have less than 1 fixed line subscription for every 20 people. In terms of Internet access, roughly half of countries have less than 1 in 20 people with Internet access.”
From this information as well as educational data the ITU was able to compile a Digital
Access Index that measures the overall ability of citizens to access and use information
and communication technologies. Using this measure, countries such as Sweden,
Denmark and Iceland receive the highest ranking while African countries such as Niger,
Burkina Faso and Mali receive the lowest.
Further discussion of the social impact of telecommunication is often considered part of
communication theory.
2.1.3: MOBILE AND INTERNET: TWO INNOVATIONS
The origins of the mobile communications industry date from the licensing of analogue
cellular communications services in the early 1980s. As recently as 1990, there were
only 11 million subscribers worldwide, but the introduction of digital services in the
early 1990s, combined with competitive service provision and a shift to prepaid billing,
spurred rapid growth in demand. At the end of 2003, there were over 1.35 billion
mobile subscribers worldwide, compared with 1.2 billion fixed-line users(ITU). The
origins of the Internet go back to 1969, but it was in the early 1990s, with the
development of the World Wide Web and graphical browsers, that the Internet really
took off as a commercial undertaking. By the end of 2001, the Internet had passed the
half billion user mark. Although the “dot.com” boom of the late 1990s proved to be
short-lived, the Internet itself has continued to grow, adding more users and new
applications. As Figure 2.1 shows, the mobile and Internet industries have exhibited
remarkably similar growth patterns since the start of the 1990s, but with a lag of about
two years. The level of penetration of the Internet at the end of 2001 (8.2 users for
every 100 inhabitants, worldwide) is almost identical to the penetration of mobile
phones at the end of 1999. This two year lag might be explained by the fact that the
formative moments in the growth of these industries occurred just under two years
apart: digital cellphones were launched commercially on 1 July 1991 (by Radiolinja, in
Finland), while graphical web browsers were launched commercially in April 1993.
2.1.4: PERSPECTIVES ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSPORTATION
Surface travel volume is made up of vehicle trips. Telecommunications volume is made
up of electronic and optical information flows. Conventional wisdom holds that
telecommunications is a force for reducing travel by moving information
electromagnetically over cables and through the air instead of moving people and paper
in vehicles. A main conclusion of this report is that this view is overly simplistic and
contrary to observations from everyday life.
The usual methodology of studies supporting the travel substitution hypothesis is to
define a limited set of telecommunications applications that indeed reduce travel, such
as telecommuting. The travel substitution impact of a reasonably larger number of such
events is then extrapolated by summing the effects of these individual events. The
following lists of trip elimination and trip stimulation mechanisms of
telecommunications illustrate the complexity inherent in travel-telecommunications
interactions.
The trip elimination effects of telecommunications tend to operate at the "micro" level of
individual transactions and events.
Telecommunications allows workers who would normally commute from home to a
work location to telecommute from home or from a location closer to home.
Telecommunications allows information to be sent in electronic form rather than in
physical "document" form.
Telecommunications enables humans to communicate remotely rather than travel to
common meeting locations.
Telecommunications allows sporting, entertainment, political, religious, and other
events to be broadcast to a dispersed audience instead of having the audience travel to
the event.
Telecommunications enables observations from dispersed sites to be collected and
transmitted to a central point via remote sensing rather than by a human observer.
Telecommunications enables the potential traveler to lay the foundation for more
productive travel through remote negotiation, fact finding, or troubleshooting that
sometimes makes a trip unnecessary. This communication replaces unconditional travel
in anticipation of a need that has only a possibility of arising.
Telecommunications allows consumers to make purchases without traveling to store
locations. This permits the movement of goods to bypass the transportation-intensive
process of wholesale and retail distribution.
Teleconferencing, computer networks, electronic document flows, and remote sensing
let organizational managers disperse and rearrange work sites in a way that can
potentially reduce transportation of employees, customers, raw materials, or products.
Still, net travel reduction is not necessarily a goal of management decisions to
implement new teleservice and telework applications. Pursuing other goals, such as
gaining market share or improving quality, may work to increase net trip making.
Telecommunications allows service transactions and events to be carried out in ways
that require no travel or less travel. Such transactions include using payroll direct
deposits instead of taking paychecks to the bank, filing income tax returns electronically
rather than mailing them, and going to neighborhood electronic kiosks rather than
traveling downtown.
Telecommunications leads to some household activity patterns that consume lower
levels of transportation than the alternatives. In other words, interactive computer
services and greater numbers of television channels in homes may make staying home
in the evening more attractive than going out.
Telecommunications allows automobile travelers to coordinate their journeys and share
rides rather than travel in separate vehicles, thus reducing the number of vehicles on
the road.
The trip generation mechanisms of telecommunications tend to operate at the long-term,
"macro"-level of socioeconomic pattern changes.
Telecommunications makes people aware of additional general-audience events and
opportunities that are reached through travel, such as political rallies, professional
conferences, entertainment events, and shopping opportunities.
Telecommunications causes economic growth, productivity improvement, and income
growth at the individual, organizational, and societal levels. Extensive databases and
powerful computer-based econometric techniques have recently allowed this causation
to begin to be empirically demonstrated, as described later.
As the economy grows, telecommunications expands the number and geographic scope
of economic and social relationships in which people and organizations engage.
Electronic mail and toll-free telephone numbers are examples of relationship-expanding
communications technologies that allow more rapid and farther reaching transactions
and interactions. These relationships sometimes generate travel in addition to
telecommunications volume. Such relationships include selling, buying, servicing,
employment, memberships, friendships, and family.
Telecommunications permits geographic decentralization of residential settlement and
of organizational activity locations. Decentralization leads to higher travel consumption,
because trip origins and destinations tend to be farther apart.
New telecommunications functionality resulting from digital switching and fiber optics
supports the urbanization of rural communities together with associated growth in
economic activity. This pattern typically causes more local automobile traffic and a flow
of visitors using transportation from distant locations.
Telecommunications speeds up the pace of economic activity. The same idea is
expressed by business consultants in the phrase "time-based competition." The
acceleration of commerce tends to generate customized, single-purpose trips that leave
immediately and go by the fastest means. The quickest modes of door-to-door surface
transportation in most metropolitan areas are single-occupancy vehicles and small
trucks. These modes generate more traffic congestion than moving the same volumes in
mass transit vehicles and large trucks.
Telecommunications enables rapid response systems that dispatch customized vehicles
to meet personal and organizational needs. Several examples of this are just-in-time
logistics, home delivery of fast food, overnight package delivery, and temporary
employment services.
Telecommunications enables a wide variety of new last-minute information flows that
generate personal travel through attractive invitations and compulsory orders to attend.
Telecommunications makes travel time more productive and more feasible for travelers.
Use of wireless mobile phones while traveling is the leading example. Wireless data
communication between office computer networks and portable personal computers is
a new capability being deployed to improve the productivity of business travelers.
Telecommunications makes the transportation system work more effectively and
efficiently. Examples of this are air traffic control, computerized airline reservation
systems, and intelligent vehicle highway systems (IVHS, also called smart highways).
As these lists show, the availability and use of telecommunications eliminates trips and
causes trips at the same time. The key question remains, "Is the availability and use of
telecommunications a net generator or net eliminator of vehicle trips?" Given the two lists,
the answer is inherently difficult to determine.
2.1.5: SUBSTITUTION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS FOR TRANSPORT
As a matter of resultant outcome rather than initial intent, telecommunications
frequently substitutes for transportation. People working in government, business, and
other sectors can and do take actions to implement teleprocesses that yield
substitutions of telecommunications for transportation. Yet, these teleprocesses
typically do not start with the goal of reducing transportation use.
Travel elimination is a small part of the reason for increasing telecommunications
intensity in government, health care, education, and manufacturing. Organizations
adopt telecommunications to improve the quality of service they provide their
customers, to reduce the cost of activities, or to make themselves more effective. They
may do so for one reason and then find others to be more important.
For example, a bank might provide automatic teller machines to reduce the cost of
hiring more tellers, find that its customers like the convenience of withdrawing money
at any hour of the day, and subsequently find that customers have become accustomed
to the service and resist paying fees if the cost of the service later increases. Moreover,
because one bank provides the service, others find it necessary to do so in order to
compete. Transportation has nothing to do with the banks' decisions. Similarly, a
government agency may decide to reengineer the way it handles documents, using
optical character recognition to scan them, store them electronically, and move them
more efficiently, in order to reduce its administrative costs or to improve the quality of
service to its clients.
In many cases, telematics is used to enable activities that would not otherwise occur.
For example, the use of live educational television broadcasts and telephone links
between students and broadcast studios makes it possible for small schools that cannot
afford to hire teachers in all subject areas to offer a wider curriculum. Students could
travel to another school for the course but probably would not do so for just one
course. The choice is then between receiving instruction in a manner different from
face-to-face interaction with a teacher and not receiving the instruction at all. Distance
is indeed a factor in the decision to offer the course or to take it. The school and
students, however, probably do not look at the decision as one of saving transportation
but as one of having the course available.
Reducing transportation is sometimes the reason for a new teleprocess. A trucking
company installing a vehicle location tracking system, then giving truck drivers wireless
devices for receiving new dispatching orders, is a teleprocess that probably includes
travel reduction as a goal.
In general, organizations seek to achieve their production and service delivery missions
by using facility, equipment, transportation, and telecommunications resources. These
deployments yield new spatial, activity, and mobility patterns as a byproduct. Over time,
these patterns include many ways in which telecommunications permits new methods
of doing things that would formerly have required a trip.
2.1.5: A BRIEF HISTORY OF TELECOMMUNICATION IN NIGERIA
Background Information
The Federal Republic of Nigeria is a tropical country on the West African Coast along the
Gulf of Guinea, with the Republic of Benin to the West , Niger to the North, Chad to the
North-East and Cameroon to the East and South-East.
Furthermore, the rural-to-urban migration has been found to be growing daily and thus
creating unprecedented problems of health and housing, transportation, law and order.
This puts a lot of pressures on the delivery systems for these social services. In spite of
this, majority of Nigerians still live in rural areas, living on subsistence farming, trading,
rural industries, and crafts.
The history
The journey to success in Nigeria’s telecommunication milieu has been long and
tortuous. Telecommunication facilities in Nigeria were first established in 1886 by the
colonial administration. At independence in 1960, with a population of roughly 40
million people, the country only had about 18,724 phone lines for use. This translated to
a teledensity of about 0.5 telephone lines per 1,000 people. The telephone network
consisted of 121 exchanges of which 116 were of the manual (magneto) type and only 5
were automatic. Between 1960 and 1985, the telecommunication sector consisted of
the Department of Posts and Telecommunications (P&T) in charge of the internal
network and a limited liability company, the Nigerian External Telecommunication (NET)
Limited, responsible for the external telecommunications services. NET provided the
gateway to the outside world. The installed switching capacity at the end of 1985 was
about 200,000 lines as against the planned target of about 460,000. All the exchanges
were analogue. Telephone penetration remained poor equalling 1 telephone line to 440
inhabitants, well below the target of 1 telephone line to 100 inhabitants recommended
by ITU for developing countries. The quality of service was largely unsatisfactory. The
telephone system was unreliable, congested, expensive and customer unfriendly.
Arising from the foregoing, in January 1985, the erstwhile Posts and
Telecommunications Department was split into Postal and Telecommunications
Divisions. The latter was merged with NET to form Nigerian Telecommunications Limited
(NITEL), a limited liability company. The main objective of establishing NITEL was to
harmonize the planning and co-ordination of the internal and external
telecommunications services, rationalize investments in telecommunications
development and provide accessible, efficient and affordable services. Almost 43 years
down the line, the Nigerian Telecommunication Plc, NITEL had roughly half a million
lines available to over 100 million Nigerians. NITEL the only national carrier had a
monopoly on the sector and was synonymous with epileptic services and bad
management. On assumption of office on May 29, 1999 the President Olusegun
Obasanjo administration swung to gear to make a reality the complete deregulation of
the telecom sector, most especially the much touted granting of licenses to GSM service
providers and setting in motion the privatization of NITEL. This proactive approach by
the government to the telecom sector has made it possible for over 2.5 million Nigerians
to clutch GSM phones today.
2.1.6: CURRENT STATE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN NIGERIA
According to DR. G.A. ALABI Telecommunications is both dynamic and capital intensive
and in view of its catalytic effect on the development of other sectors of the economy
such as agriculture, health, tourism and education and its necessity for the commercial,
industrial, socio-economic and political development of the country, the need for an
orderly and efficient development of telecommunications infrastructure in Nigeria has
now been found more urgent in order to keep pace with the development of the other
sectors of the economy. G.A.Alabi identify this aspects of telecommunication
Telecommunication and the Social Aspect
First, and perhaps most significant, it should be pointed out that villagers like having
telephone service. Most have family and friends working outside the village. People
highly value immediate two-way communication, compared to the delays involved in
mail, the impersonal one-way nature telegrams or the time and expense involving in
traveling. Beyond this, villagers feel that having telephones makes them less
disadvantaged compared to those living in town. Availability of telephones is a part of
their own conceptions of development and having a better quality of life. These feelings
are striking and consistent in all parts of the country.
When pressed, people would point out that telephones could be used for good and bad
activities. Telephone usage is certainly not confined to activities which are officially
approved. Queues at the telephone were reported to be the longest on the days the
underground (illegal) lottery results came out. The general conclusion, strongly
emphasized by respondents, was that telephones were good. Their prime concerns
were to get more telephones and improve the quality of current services.
Most telephone calls are to family and friends. Business calls are less than a quarter of
all calls and only a few percent of calls are on government affairs. Most personal calls
are to and from those working or studying outside the village.
The current economic boom has exacerbated outward labor migration, with some
villages being composed mainly of the old and young. High rates of temporary and
permanent migration are not a recent phenomenon in Nigeria. Historically they can be
linked to shifts between patrons, the quest for agricultural land, marriage patterns
where men move to live with their wives, and other long-standing characteristics of
village culture. On a longer time scale, trading networks have long affected village life, as
have the consequences war, famine, disease and voluntary and involuntary population
movements. Extension of state administrative control over the past century,
construction of canal, road and rail networks, and increasing integration into
international markets have further enhanced the extent to which villages are open
systems, highly subject to external influences. The changes referred to as "globalization"
are only the most recent chapter in this long history of regional and global linkages.
Migrant workers call home to keep in touch, cope with problems, notify family about
remittances, invite others to come apply for jobs and for a host of other reasons.
Telephones allow migrants frequent dialogue, without the delays and formality of
letters. Telephones give a faster means for dealing with problems when they do arise. It
is clear that telephones do act to enable and facilitate migration and other changes.
Within the context of these changes villagers feel that telephones play a positive role,
making things better than they would be otherwise.
Telephones are not just used by wealthier villagers. Poor people reported that they did
use telephones, and when they did it was important to them. By calling rather than
traveling people not only saved the cost of travel, but the loss of earnings from time
spent traveling. Most poor people interviewed during the study had family in other
parts of Thailand, and used telephones to keep in touch with them.
There is little to suggest that telecommunications will reduce migration. Any impacts
which stimulate rural economies and so make staying home more attractive, appear
likely to be more than offset by the ways in which better, quicker information acts to
increase migration. However telecommunications contribute to better informed
decisions about where to go. Migrants have more choices than simply traveling to the
Lagos state, city centre and seeing what work they can find. Migrants reported that
information from telephones made them more able to go work in other places than
Lagos, with more information about the jobs they were going to. Thus
telecommunications will not stop urban growth, but may contribute to a better
informed, more dispersed patterns of migration.
Students used telephones to gather information about schools where they could
continue their studies within their home provinces and in other parts of the country.
This helped them to be aware of a broader range of choices. It also appeared that the
availability of telephones for keeping in contact made parents willing to let their
children study farther away, particularly for female children. As with migrant workers,
students used telephones both for solving practical problems, like lack of money, as well
as for maintaining family relationships.
Telephones reduce the disruption which migration created in personal relationships.
Telephone contacts enable to better sustain relationships than they would have
otherwise. These networks of relationships, with shared concerns and trust, embody the
social capital (Putnam 1993) which shapes societies' capacity to cope with changes and
respond to new opportunities, such as those created by globalization.
In sum, personal calls to family and friends seem to play a key role in building human
capital through better education, in allowing poor people and other villagers access to
more opportunities to earn money, and in maintaining and building the social capital
embodied in networks of family and friends. The availability of telephones, and
communications via telephone were highly valued, in terms of villagers' views about
improvements in their quality of life.
Telecommunication and economy
Some fifteen to twenty percent of calls are made primarily for business, as categorized
by callers and by PCO operators. In contrast to the researchers' initial expectations,
telephones seemed to play little role in the purchase of agricultural inputs and in
restocking of inventory by village shops. In the rural area, Farmers and shopkeepers
preferred to travel into town to make their own purchases. Only a minority used
telephones to place orders or check on availability of goods. Many suppliers of village
shops already had well worked out systems for delivering their goods on a regular basis,
and so far these seemed little affected by the availability of telephones. While there are
theoretical grounds for expecting telecommunications to improve logistics and input
acquisition, little effect was apparent on these routine kinds of purchases.
Traders and businessmen did make use of telephones to check on prices, particularly for goods with volatile prices and those where quality and timely shipments were important, such as perishable fruit. Impacts were less apparent on commodity crops, whose prices were already well publicized through newspapers and radio. There was little indication that technical information obtained via telephones influenced initial decisions to diversify into new crops, but telephones did affect the returns received.Fruit and other commodity shippers used telephones to make more direct links to
buyers, reducing the need to go through wholesalers and Lagos Markets. For example, a
farmer in Abeokuta, Ogun state called directly to Lagos in to set up transportation cost
of his farm produce. Shrimp farmers, with high capital investments, bought cellular
phones to keep up with fluctuating prices. Telecommunications thus allowed farmers to
be better informed about prices and less obliged to simply accept whatever price was
offered by buyers who came to the village. In this way telephones helped increase
farmers' incomes and reduce monophony power in agricultural markets.
Telecommunication and government
Police, Local Administration and other government agencies have already used two-way
radios to extend their control and communication networks into rural areas. Such radios
are officially prohibited for private use, though this does not prevent some individuals
form obtaining and using them. Even where two-way radios were available, telephones
tend to be preferred, for their ability to access to broader network of people, reliably
and confidentially. Radios need to be left on and monitored to be useful. Only one
person can talk at a time, so conversation requires a formal hand-off between speakers.
Radio conversations have little privacy, since anyone may be listening in. Different
agencies have radios using different frequencies, which are not able to contact each
other. Even the police, with the most powerful and flexible radio network, end up
having to relay radio messages step by step, and often prefer to use telephones which
allow more direct and confidential contact. Not only do telephones provide rapid two-
way communications to ordinary people, who previously lacked access, they also show
the advantages of an open public network, even for those who access to two-way
radios.
The most dramatic benefits from rural telephones came when they allowed rapid
reporting and response to emergencies, such as fires, crime and accidents. More prosaic
benefits came from allowing people to set up appointments, avoiding wasted trips to
see people who were not there. It appeared that telephones may have contributed to
better lateral coordination between agencies. While formal written communications
must go through hierarchical channels, government workers used telephones to
informally bypass bosses and talk directly to colleagues in other agencies.
Nigerians reported little use of telephones in the initial stages of obtaining government
documents, such as drivers licenses and land titles. Nigerians still relied on village heads
and Illegal Agents (touts) to assist in initial contacts, . However telephones were used to
check whether documents had been completed, prevent wasted travel to try to pick up
documents if they were not ready.
Teachers and health workers reported using telephones to keep in touch with friends
and colleagues. They said this made them feel less isolated. It appears that this
contributed to greater willingness to accept and stay in rural postings
Telecommunication Overall Implications
Some futurists and other analysts have optimistically suggested that advances in
telecommunications may act to end urban dominance, demolishing the tyranny of
distance and transport costs which support urban centralization. In this view, rural areas
may no longer suffer under disadvantages relative to cities. On this argument, Nigeria
and other largely rural developing countries might not be fated to repeat the
transformations which made the developed countries largely urban. Instead there might
be other pathways, allowing greater decentralization and more opportunity to sustain
the best elements of rural lifestyles.
So far there is little to indicate that telecommunications are doing much to change long-
standing patterns of urban dominance. Unlike North America, rural Nigeria does not yet
seem to have any migration of professional knowledge workers trying to combine rural
lifestyles with what have traditionally been urban occupations. At best, such people may
be buying homes in the "edge cities" growing up around Lagos and Abuja, or moving to
a few favored provincial centers, such as Ibadan, Kano, and Portharcourt. The continuing
difficulty in obtaining private telephone connections is a major constraint on any such
decentralization, aside from the many other factors which are also relevant.
Deserted villages, with the only people remaining being grandparents taking care of
their grandchildren, with all the young and middle-aged adults off working in town.7
This is an extreme picture of rural Nigeria, as the economic boom draws in increasing
amounts of rural labor. While overdrawn, such patterns are present, particularly in
southeast, sothsouth, and some southwestern part of Nigeria except from Lagos.
Telecommunications is enabling such changes, while somewhat mitigating and
transforming their impacts on family relationships. The choices being made, in the
context of individual values and Nigeria current political economy, seem to be driving
towards the urbanization of rural areas, with villages becoming peripheral extensions of
a growing consumer culture. The difference telecommunications make is that rural
people are less restricted to just watching this new society unfold on their TV screens,
and, for better and worse, mo Like the rest of the telecommunications sector, the
development of rural telecommunications would benefit greatly from establishment of
a capable, independent regulatory body. Such a regulator could promote a more
transparent process of public decision-making. A regulator could encourage policies for
serving rural needs, both by making rural services commercially attractive, which could
serve most needs, as well as targeted subsidies and other policies to support services for
those rural people and areas, which are left out of the market. More generally a
regulatory body could help reduce unnecessary monopolies, promote more efficient and
equitable spectrum allocation and establish interconnection policies which encourage
open and fair competition, which would serve the interests of telecommunications users
and promote a more efficient and equitable process of telecommunications
development, are able to participate in it.
2.1.7: TELEPHONY AND LIVELIHOODS
The main purpose of the study was to look at the impact of telephones on the
livelihoods of low-income rural communities. Sustainable livelihoods analysis looks at
people’s livelihoods in terms of five different types of assets
As expected, the results showed that the telephone has little impact on natural capital
(land, water etc.) or on physical capital (resources such as housing, farm equipment and
so forth). More important is the impact revealed on the three areas of livelihood capital
which are often discussed in relation to telecommunications – social, financial and
human capital.
The impact of the telephone on social capital revealed by the survey is considerable. The
telephone is important and considered to have high value in all three countries for social
networking, particularly within the family. It is providing significant added value in this
area, especially where family members live remotely (as migrant workers or in the
diaspora), as well as substituting for some face-to-face communications.
The impact of the telephone on economic activities is mixed. The telephone is
considered to have value by a high proportion of users when it comes to saving money
(for example, by substituting for transport or postal costs), but it is not considered to
have value by most users when it comes to earning income. Only the more prosperous,
educated and successful are finding it valuable in this area. Lower income and lower
education status groups, by contrast, find it unhelpful. The telephone may well,
therefore, tend to increase the differential in financial capital between the more
prosperous and the more marginalised within society.
The telephone is having no impact on information-gathering, the primary component of
human capital in this context, in any of the three sample populations. For all groups,
face-to-face communications remains the overwhelming medium of communications for
information-gathering. The Internet has also failed to achieve any significant degree of
usage in this area. This clear rejection of the telephone, in particular, for knowledge-
gathering has significant implications for policymakers designing public information and
other development strategies.
The most substantial value of the telephone in terms of livelihoods is in its impact on
overall vulnerability, particularly in emergencies. The telephone here has exceptional
added value compared with other communications media, in particular because of its
immediacy, interactivity and ability to secure assistance from afar.
2.1.8: THE IMPORTANCE OF NATIONAL INFORMATION TELECOMMUNICATION
INFRASTRUCTURE IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES
Abolarin Damilola Oluwatobi a member of ISOC. Noted that National Information
Infrastructure (NITI) is a new instrument created through revolutionary advances in
information technology that societies use for the developmental challenges they face.
Some of such challenges include fighting poverty, rural urban migration, education,
efficient- accountable and transparent government, efficient economic reforms,
environmental protection, promotion of small and medium- sized enterprises,
participation in global trade, and leisure.
Fighting Poverty
World Bank studies have shown a close relationship between illiteracy levels and
national income. Reducing illiteracy is therefore a key aspect of the fight against
poverty; it is also one that is directly manageable through improved education delivery
assisted by information technology through telecommunication . The provision of basic
services such as primary health care, family planning and drinking water, for example, is
largely dependent on information handling by both suppliers and recipients of the
services.
Rural Urban Migration
Many of the rural areas where majority of the poor people live are grossly neglected or
virtually isolated. This results in massive migration to the urban centres. Declining costs
and new technologies are combining to bring rural telecommunications within reach of
normal market mechanisms in other places. Thus improved information technology in
the rural areas can help to reduce the isolation of such areas, make life more meaningful
for the rural dwellers and consequently check the drift to the urban centres.
EducationRewards to an individual for an educational investment include increased employment
options, higher income, and better future prospects. To export high value- added
exports, country needs a labour force with advanced and life long training of the labour
force. Information systems through telecommunication have supporting roles in
education.
Making Government More Sufficient, Accountable and Transparent
Information systems that increase the speed, volume, quality, transparency, and
accountability of transactions make possible large productivity increases in government
services. Government work is by its very nature highly information intensive in terms of
data collection, archiving, dissemination, and processing. Well-designed information
systems can become major instrument of public policy- powerful tools to implement,
enforce and evaluate policy reforms.
Increasing the effectiveness of Economic Reforms
Economic reforms often fail during implementation due to weak compliance. When
information systems are designed in conjunction with reforms, monitoring and
facilitating compliance is easier and reforms are more likely to be effective. Through
information systems it is possible to embed policy reforms into institutional processes
and transactions, which can then be readily monitored and audited.
Monitoring and Protection of the Environment
Environmental monitoring, inherently data intensive is made more effective by using
information technology, particularly geographic information systems. These systems are
increasingly inexpensive and the data captured are of lasting value beyond their initial
use. International co-operation in monitoring of pollution and natural resources is
fostered by environmental networks. Information technology also provides effective
tools for regional planning based on dynamic modelling.
Promotion of Small and Medium- sized Enterprises
Small and medium sized enterprises ( SME) are vital engines of job creation. They are
quick in bringing new products to market getting into and out of fast- changing niche
markets, and setting up spin-off companies. In the information industry itself, SMEs play
a key role in the production and diffusion of information technology.
Participation in Global Trade
If our goods and services are not globally competitive, their national and international
markets will evaporate under attack from better supplies in other parts of the world
trade facilitation systems and production and distribution systems based on electronic
data interchange have emerged as powerful mechanisms to reduce processing time and
increase performance of the entire value chain in international trade.
Leisure
Internet games can easily absorb all ones waking hours. Many Internet Services
Providers (ISPs) have facilities for "chatting" that enables one to have on-line
conversations with a bunch of people at the same time.
2.1.8: SECTORS WHERE TELECOMMUNICATION HAS IMPROVED SERVICE DELIVERY IN
NIGERIA
Health Primary health care delivery is known all over the world as a programme that is
community oriented but operated by large number of semi skilled workers and
supervised by highly skilled personnel who, to be effective require telecommunication
facilities for monitoring the performance on field. The term "Telecommunication
medicine" which is the use of electronic equipment to link physically separated health
facilities is now commonplace in developing countries. This system has relevance in our
country where we can only boast of about 1 doctor to 8000 patients.
AgricultureThis is one of the most important sectors in the economy. Using mother tongue with the
aid of telecommunication (Radio, Television). Farmers in rural areas can be informed
future events of natural disasters like thunderstorms, possible earthquakes, flood and
destructive pests through the aid of simple meteorological information. They can also be
informed on how to avert the dangerous consequences of such natural disasters in the
shortest time possible. This system has been known to have been useful for farmers in
rural areas, in places like Kenya and Philippines.
EducationThere is hardly any other area in human endeavor in which telecommunication can have an impact on its citizenry, than in education. In addition to the program of formal
education of the citizens by television, radio, and computer networking (Distant learning), they have now been made more effective both in scope and in quality by use of telecommunication satellite. This is very relevant now that the country has started the distant learning programTransportation Telecommunication has always played a vital role in the transport sector all over the
world. It is being used in Hotels/ Airline reservation tickets and management of courier
services. It is also used to land and Fly airplanes, it is also effectively used in the
management of fleet of vehicles in freight and passenger transport. With
telecommunication, it has become possible to programme the movement of human
traffic including that of business executives through mobile phones. This technology was
introduced to Nigeria by the Obasanjo administration. We can also use this to effectively
manage the perennial traffic jams in and out of big cities, which have not been fully
exploited for traffic management in these cities.
AdministrationIt is a known fact that all machinery of government depended to a large extent, on information dissemination provided by telecommunication infrastructure and system for greater performance. For example, in these days of electronic welfare, the police require telecommunication to be able to maintain, command and control on land, air, and sea. We all know the great role telecommunication played during the gulf war, which brought general awareness of cable network used in the country.Similarly, in public administration, telecommunication can play an important role in the
coordination of the three tiers of government in Nigeria Local, State and Federal.
2.2.0 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
2.2.1: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND MODELLING GUIDE
Socio and environmental economics concern the effects of policy, plans and
development projects on human well being. In the context on a formal Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) for a development project, it is considered best practice to
assess changes to human well being as part of Socio-economic Impact Assessment (SIA).
Although the degree to which this is covered in EIA is much debated (Morris & Therivel,
2001), it should probably be argued that the effect on human well being is considered
both indirectly when assessing the effects of change on the natural system (fisheries,
nature conservation and biodiversity) and more directly when considering changes to
the landscape and noise and air quality.
The term ‘well being’ is frequently cited as the assessment end-point within
environmental economics. Probably the most well known definition of sustainable
development (SD) is that from the ‘Bruntland Commission’ (WCED, 1987) where SD is
defined as ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ and this can be re-presented as
‘generating human well being now without impairing the well being of future
generations’ (Turner et al. 1994).
The objective of environmental economics is therefore to assist the decision making
process where there are environmental choices with measurement typically considering
the human welfare aspect.
The following short note provides a summary of some methods employed within
environmental economics and further presents an overall framework within which the
plans, projects and policy can be developed and assessed. The reader should refer to
literature such as Turner et al. (1994) for a more complete reference to the subject.
2.2.1.1: Cost Benefit Analysis
Anything is a benefit that increases human well being, and anything is a cost that
reduces human well being. And individual gains and losses are examined to decide
whether society as a whole is better or worse off.
Aggregation of individual preferences can be achieved by measuring the willingness to
pay (WTP) for a benefit and willingness to accept (WTA) to tolerate a cost for something
an individual does not like. This provides a measure of the strength of individual
preferences.
Cost Benefit can be expressed for the whole of Society as the aggregation of individuals
(i) Benefit (B) and Cost (C):
∑i [Bi - Ci] >0
This social decision rule can be re-expressed as a fundamental equation of cost-benefit
analysis to explicitly include discounting of preferences over time and Environmental
factors:
It tells us that for any project or policy to be regarded as potentially worthwhile, its
non-environmental benefits (B) less its non-environmental costs (C) plus or minus the
value of the environmental change (E) all discounted to a present value, must be
positive (where r is the interest rate).
2.2.1.2: Environmental Economic Framework
It is recognised that socio-economic and biophysical systems are intrinsically linked and
mutually co-adjust through complex feedback effects. The pressures of human use of
environmental space and resources, particularly in the coastal zone may result in
changes to biophysical systems which in turn will impact on future human use of coastal
space and resources (Turner et al. 1998).
Being able to understand the joint system change between socio-economics and the
environment has considerable benefit in terms of sustainable management of the
coastal zone and the development of sustainable policy.
Sustainability Indicators
Sustainability indicators can be used to help inform policy decisions and help
stakeholders understand what sustainable development means. Indicators of
sustainability translate the concept of sustainable development into numerical terms,
descriptive measures, and action-oriented signs and signals.
Measures and indicators of sustainability are set apart from economic indicators by the
way they combine social, economic and environmental trends. They also help educate
the public, inspire people to take individual action and press for change in sustainable
directions.
2.2.1.3: The Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) Model
A number of models have been proposed for developing indicators, and illustrating the
links between issues, particularly for environmental indicators. The best known of these
is the "pressure –state-response" model developed originally by OECD. This is also the
basis of the United Nations Commission for Sustainable Development (UNCSD)
framework of sustainable development indicators. It has been adapted by the European
Environment Agency into the "DPSIR" model - driving forces, pressures, state, impact,
responses (Turner et al. 1998; EC, 1999; Jesinghaus, 1999).
The “Driving forces-Pressure-State-Impact-Response model” defines five indicator
categories, where the link between these categories is illustrated in Figure 1:
D - Driving forces are underlying factors influencing a variety of relevant variables.
Examples: the number of telecommunication stations per local government; total
industrial production; GDP.
P - Pressure indicators describe the variables which directly cause environmental
problems. Examples: toxic emissions, CO2 emissions, noise , burns etc. caused erection
of MASTs, etc.
S - State indicators show the current condition of the e nvironment.
Examples: the concentration of MAST in urban areas; the noise levels near main roads, in Lagos state for exampleI - Impact indicators describe the ultimate effects of changes of state.
Examples: rural-urban migration; the number of people indulged or deprived socially, economically, and environmentally due to telecommunication growth.R - Response indicators demonstrate the efforts of society (i.e. government in terms of policy formulation NCC and public responses) to solve or improve on telecommunication service provided. Examples: amount spent by telecommunication companies in a year and their gains coupled with the amount spent by their subscribers ; maximum allowed number of Masts to be erected; revenue coming from telecommunication companies to the government as tax or other levies; the budget spent for advertisement and research.
2.2.2: EDWALD ULLMAN’S THEORY OF SPATIAL INTERACTION
Spatial interaction is the flow of products, people, services, or Information among
places, in response to localized supply and
demand. A spatial interaction is a realized
movement of people, freight or information between an origin and a destination. It is a
transport demand / supply relationship expressed over a geographical space. Spatial
interactions cover a wide variety of movements such as journeys to work, migrations,
tourism, the usage of public facilities, the transmission of information or capital, the
market areas of retailing activities, international trade and freight
distribution. Economic
activities are generating (supply) and attracting (demand) flows. The simple fact that a
movement occurs between an origin and a destination underlines that the costs
incurred by a spatial interaction are lower than the benefits derived from such an
interaction. As such, a commuter is willing to drive one hour because this interaction is
linked to an income, while international trade concepts, such as comparative
advantages, underline the benefits of specialization and the ensuing generation of trade
flows between distant locations. Three interdependent conditions are necessary for a
spatial interaction to occur
[Ullman,1956]: Edward
Ullman, perhaps the leading transportation geographer of the twentieth century, more
formally addressed interaction as complementarity (a deficit of a good or product in one
place and a surplus in another), transferability (possibility of transport of the good or
product at a cost that the market will bear), and lack of intervening opportunities
(where a similar good or product that is not available.
A. Complementarity’s. The first
factor necessary for interaction to take pace is complementarity. In order for trade to
take place, there has to be a surplus of a desired product in one area and a shortage or
demand for that same product in another area. The greater the distance, between trip
origin and trip destination and the less likelihood of a trip occurring and the lower the
frequency of trips. But telecommunication serves as a means of complementing trip
origin and trip destination, instead of embarking on a trip that is the use of transport
means, telephoning can take place and as such the trips become a form of
telecommunication and as such the caller is the origin and the receiver the
destination.
There must be a supply and a demand between the interacting locations. A residential
zone is complementary to an industrial zone because the first is supplying workers while
the second is supplying jobs. The same can be said concerning the complementarity
between a store and its customers and between an industry and its suppliers
(movements of freight). Telecommunication serves as the bridge. Telecommunication
services is readily available in the urban center compared to the rural area, but
considerably this has been taken care of in that signals are now been received in rural
area. The services are provide in the urban areas and the its enjoyed in the rural area
because the company does not necessarily need to have their company in the rural area
but must their mast and other equipment is needed, and as such the movement of
people in a particular area(rural) to another for telecommunication services such as
telephoning, internet, intranet and television. so one is supplying the services and
generating money while the other enjoys these service with some cost.
B.Transferability The
second factor necessary for interaction to take pace is transferability. In some cases, it is
simply not feasible to transport certain goods (or people) a great distance because the
transportation costs are too high in comparison to the price of the product. There must
not be another location that may offer a better alternative as a point of origin or as a
point of destination. For instance, in order to have an interaction of a customer to a
store, there must not be a closer store that offers a similar array of goods. In some
cases, it simply not feasible to transport certain goods(people), a great distance because
transportation costs are too high in comparison to price of the product. In all other
causes where transportation costs are not out of line with price, we say that product is
transferable or transferability exists. In telecommunication services in terms of both
rural and urban settings the cost of transportation from rural areas where telecom
services do not exist is far more expensive than the cost of making calls that is
transferability does not exist, but these days telecommunication service is every where
at least in Lagos and its environ , calls can be made from a nearby telephone business
center and as such transferability would exist. In a not-shell the origin and the
destination must be linked, costs to overcome distance must not be higher than the
benefits related interaction, even if there is complementarity and no alternative
opportunity (available at closer distance)
In all other cases where the transportation costs are not out of line with price, we say
that the product is transferable or that transferability exists. Freight, persons or
information being transferred must be supported by transport infrastructures, implying
that the origin and the destination must be linked. Costs to overcome distance must not
be higher than the benefits of related interaction, even if there is complementarity and
no alternative opportunity. available at a closer distance).
C. Intervening opportunity. The
second factor necessary for interaction to take place is the absence or lack of
intervening opportunities. There may be a situation where complementarity exists
between an area with a high demand for a product and several areas with a supply of
that same product in excess of local demand. Spatial interaction models seek explain
spatial flows. As such it is possible to measure flows and predict the consequences of
changes in the conditions generating them. When such attributes are known, it is
possible for example to better allocate transport resources such as highways, buses,
airplanes or ships since they would reflect the transport demand more closely.
2.2.2.3: ORIGIN / DESTINATION MATRICES
Each spatial interaction, as an analogy for a set of movements, is composed of an
origin / destination pair. Each pair can itself be represented as a cell in a matrix where
rows are related to the locations (centroids) of origin, while columns are related to
locations (centroids) of destination. Such a matrix is commonly known as an origin /
destination matrix, or a spatial interaction matrix.
FIG 4.6: ORIGIN TO DESTINATION MATRIX
O/D Matrix
O/D PairDestinations
A B C Total
Origins
A Ti
B
C
Total Tj T
In the O/D matrix the sum of a row (Ti) represents the total outputs of a location (flows
originating from), while the sum of a column (Tj) represents the total inputs (flows
bound to) of a location. The summation of inputs is always equals to the summation of
outputs. Otherwise, there are movements that are coming from or going to outside the
considered system. The sum of inputs or outputs gives the total flows taking place
within the system (T). It is also possible to have O/D matrices according to the age
group, income, gender, etc. Under such circumstances they are labeled sub-matrices
since they account for only a share of the total
flows. In many cases where
spatial interactions are relied on for planning and allocation purposes, origin /
destination matrices are not available or are incomplete, requiring surveys. With
economic development, the addition of new activities and transport infrastructures,
spatial interactions have a tendency to change very rapidly as flows adapt to a new
spatial structure. The problem is that an origin / destination survey is very expensive in
terms of efforts, time and costs. In a complex spatial system such as a region, O/D
matrices tend to be quite large. For instance, the consideration of 100 origins and 100
destinations would imply 10,000 separate O/D pairs. In addition, the data gathered by
spatial interaction surveys is likely to become obsolete quickly as economic and spatial
conditions change. It is therefore important to find a way to estimate as precisely as
possible spatial interactions, particularly when empirical data is lacking or is
incomplete. A possible solution leans on the use of a spatial interaction model to
complement and even supplant empirical observations.
2.2.2.4: THE SPATIAL INTERACTION MODELS
The basic assumption concerning many spatial interaction models is that flows are a
function of the attributes of the locations of origin, the attributes of the locations of
destination and the friction of distance between the concerned origins and the
destinations. The general formulation of the spatial interaction model is as follows:
· Tij : Interaction between location i (origin) and location j (destination). Its units of
measurement are varied and can involve people, tons of freight, traffic volume, etc.
It also relates to a time period such as interactions by the hour, day, month, or year.
· Vi : Attributes of the location of origin i. Variables often used to express these
attributes are socio-economic in nature, such as population, number of jobs
available, industrial output or gross domestic product.
· Wj : Attributes of the location of destination j. It uses similar socio-economic
variables than the previous attribute.
· Sij : Attributes of separation between the location of origin i and the location of
destination j. Also known as transport friction. Variables often used to express these
attributes are distance, transport costs, or travel time.
The attributes of V and W tend to be paired to express complementarity in the best
possible way. For instance, measuring commuting flows (work-related movements)
between different locations would likely consider a variable such as working age
population as V and total employment as W. From this general formulation, three basic
types of interaction models can be constructed:
· Gravity model. Measures interactions between all the possible location pairs
· Potential model. Measures interactions between one location and every other
location.
· Retail model. Measure the boundary of the market areas between two locations
competing over the same market.
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
The research design that would be used aimed at investigating and identifying variables and their relationship to one another is:
Cross-Sectional Survey
This involve one-time observation of one or more variables all at once.
If (T) is telecommunication growth, without manipulating the variables, the output i.e. economic impact (Xi), social impact (X2), environmental effect (X3), and so on (Xn), as being determined or influenced by telecommunication growth (T). instead of manipulation Xi, X2, X3, we observe them only and are described as they occur thus:
And are all are observed at the same time as the study is taking place.
3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY POPULATION
Apart from the age, sex and occupation. One of the main factor to be considered is the type of network subscribed to, which must be CELTEL, Nigeria Plc. Secondly the
population of study is divided into three, those that own phone business centres i.e. various shops, stands and outlet that offers services such as phone calls for some money.
Secondly, individual that are subscribed to CELTEL network coverage.
Thirdly, the population of those in co-operate organization i.e. different sectors and as such they must be educated and command a relative level of decision making in the organization.
But the general interview will cut-across all strata of life but emphasis would be on CELTEL subscribers.
3.3 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT
A device for collecting the data or measuring the variables which are used for answering questions and testing hypotheses, but in this case the questionnaire is designed to measure several values and as such not an instrument but a schedule.
The variables to be measured are:
i. economic variables
ii. social variables as regards telecom impact
iii. environmental impact variables
4 ADMINISTRATION OF DATA COLLECTION SCHEDULE
Telephone interview would be carried out with the CELTEL customers care, by calling 111, this will help in knowing the number of telecommunication subscribers in Lagos state. Next is the questionnaire administration.
This would be done with the help of some research assistant, whom the maximum qualification is SSCE, but presently an undergraduate of Lagos State University. Department of Geography and Planning. There work is to conduct interview with people and Business Centre Operator, in other to note the economic, social and environmental impact of telecommunication on the environment.
The research assistant were chosen on the basis of the location in other to relate well with people in the area or place of residence. Badagry, Agbado Ijaye, Epe, Ikeja, Lagos Island. Phone business center operator would be interview on the basis of their network of subscription which is (CELTEL Nig. Plc).
PERSONAL INTERVIEW
Officials in different sectors would be interviewed ranging from agricultural sector, education, health, transportation, information, communication, technology. The interview is aimed at gathering information about the use of telecommunication in these sectors and what it has helped to do influence a re impacted on, and what is the ratio of telecommunication facilities available and the population of the workers in such organization.
In education- higher institution would be visited such as LASU, UNILAG, and YABATECH.
Health-in terms of tele-medicine, General Hospital (Gbagada) and pharmaceutical companies.
Transportation- Ministry of Transport (Alausa).
Administration- information transfer in secretariat Alausa and Agricultural- in terms of farmers.
3.5 SOURCE OF DATA
PRIMARY DATA
This include telephone interview, personal interview and questionnaire as explained
above.
The questionnaire is both open-ended and close-ended questionnaire, employed to
measure information on the social, economic and environmental impact of
telecommunication on the study area which is Lagos. Personal interview of officials of
different organization aimed at gathering sectoral information about the impact of
telecommunication and finally the telephone interview of CELTEL Nigeria Plc. To
donate the number of base station and the location of their network. The data a re
tabulated.
SECONDARY DATA
This involved the use of published materials obtained from different sources such as
libraries, internet and other institutions.
Libraries:- Fatiu Ademola Akesode lib really provide material that help in chapter 2 and
the materials are telecommunication in the 21st century, and research methodology in
behaviuoural sciences by Nnamdi Asika. Documents from institutions- institution such as
Nigerian Communication Commission (NCC), yearly published on telecommunication
trends in Nigeria economy. Second edition (June 2005). This provided information
(statistics) on telecommunication growth in Nigeria. The type of operator and their
contribution to sectoral growth of the Nigerian market.
Internet:- search engine, such as Google, Ask, Infoseek, Yahoo, Wikipedia and Answers
else where explored to get valid information on world telecommunication statistics.,
figures, maps and other statistical information was also gotten from the then Vmobile
website www.Vmobile_nigeria.com. Information about study area (Lagos state) were
also gotten from www.wikipedia.com.
The two data source were combined in the study, so as to equip the study with all
necessary information. The published material were most useful in the direction of
evolutionary trend of telecommunication sector in Nigeria. While interview provided a
better understanding and co-ordination of data collected on the study area and the
gray areas on telecommunication negative parts in terms of health issues and
environmental impact.
3.6: INSTRUMENT OF RESEARCH
Questionnaire is the main instrument used for data gathering in this project. Two
types is designed on for respondents and the other for official in different sectors.
The first questionnaire is divided into four section.
Section A
This contain the bio-data of respondents such as Name, Sex, Age, Marital status, location, educational qualification, occupation. The questionnaire contain both open and close ended question for sex, there are two options male or female. The age, we have different division for respondents to choose as appropriate, only the location and occupation are open ended questionnaire.
Section B
This contains the economic data of respondents, the employment status, either
employed, self employed, retired or unemployed. Respondent’s monthly income and
the monthly expenditure of GSM recharge. All questions in this section are close ended.
Section C
This section is for business phone operator, this section tends to gather information on
the type of business venture either is a family, joint, or personal venture. The number
of employee and the amount generated in a month.
Section D
This perhaps is the most voluminous section as it contains about fifteen questions, all
the questions a re close ended and are geared towards gathering information on the
impact of telecommunication on social, economic and environmental sphere of Lagos
state. It also evaluate the people respondent call the most and where is most of the
outgoing call go for either within the states, outside the state or international calls. It
also inquires into other ICT services that respondents are interested in.
Section E
The second questionnaire is for the different officials in sectors of the economy, the
sector of interest are agriculture, banking, education, security, administration and ICT.
The interview is divided into two.
The first contains questions geared towards getting information such as Name, Place of
work, Educational qualification and position held.
The second set of questions include whether telecommunication has led to service
delivery in their organization. And how has that occurred. The number of
telecommunication gadget in their organization. Coupled with the number of staff, and
how they think telecommunication can further improve service in the organization.
3.7 PROCEDURES FOR PROCESSING AND ANALYZING COLLECTED DATA
The two types of data would be considered here:
(i) primary data-are data gotten from the field (questionnaire).
(ii) secondary data- existing data e.g. maps and data.
Data processing involve the transfer of collected data to coded data for further processing through the use of data processing instrument, preferably a computer (MS EXCEL).
The inputting would be done with the aid of keyboard and mouse into the MS EXCEL spreadsheet environment in rolls and column.
The maps showing CELTEL coverage in Lagos State would be downloaded from there, then website (www.Vmobile-nigeria.com) with the aid of a computer coupled with a Pbs 126 speed modern.
Procedures that would be followed are classification of respondents characteristics i.e. the bio-data classification and the socio-economic classification of respondents i.e. a frequency distribution of Age, Sex, Educational level and no of phone used, which would be given in a frequency table.
The processing of the data such as the opinion of respondents as at which part telecommunication has great effect i.e. economically, socially, or environment. This would be shown using PIE-CHART.
The income level of respondents would be plotted against the amount spent on GSM recharge using MS EXCEL. The impact of telecommunication in different sectors of the economy, would be tabulated according to the number respondents in an organization which is about 10-15 persons or officials in six different sectors namely health, agricultures, transport, education, ICT, administration/government.
Above all, the telecommunication us age i.e. in terms of calls and text and to whom calls or text are mostly made e.g. family, friends or business partners.
Analysis based on the research question would also be made, the socio-economic impact of telecommunication in terms of employment generation and diversification of the nations economic, in social aspect, the telecommunication usage according to respondents e.g. leisure, calling love ones, playing games, browsing the internet and listening to radio.
The processing and presentation of data would be carried out using MS EXCEL and the procedure is as stated below.
a. type in your data in rolls and column to form a table.
(i) then click on Insert-menu, chart.
(ii) choose the chart type e.g. pie, line, area, bar, bubble, surface, cone, cylinder etc.
b. step two- (chart source data) select data range i.e. AI: A7 e.g select data series i.e. rows and columns
3.8 SAMPLING DESIGN
The unit of study in Nigeria, and a total of 200 people be sampled. The characteristics of
the unit is as follows. They are drawn from different local government, but what is of
interest for us is the classification into Lagos Urban area or business active area and the
rural Lagos such as Epe, Interior Ojo, Interior Badagry and Interior Agbado-Ijaye.
The sampling is selected randomly from Lagos state population but what is also the
important is the educational qualification of respondents, because of the questions
contained in the questionnaire.
3.9 LIMITATION OF THE METHODOLOGY
One of the major problem encountered in this study’s is that of contract which is getting across to the customer care center of (CELTEL) and when they are available, I am always directed to another official because the information required such as no of base station and number of subscribers over space and time are not available at the customer care except if I call back.
Secondly, downloading of maps is very hectic, it contain large volume and there may
be occasional Server failure, which will result into download until a full image is
generated.
Thirdly in administering questionnaire to business phone center operator, as they think
we are government officials and we want to obtain there information for tax reason and
as such withheld vital information.
Lastly the problem of power supply which has led the inability to process information
easily and quietly.
In spite of all these limitations encountered, the researcher however exhausted all avenue, such as the use of UPS uninterrupted power supply, to curb the erratic power outage, and the persuasive measures to encourage the respondents to give vital and time information about the business.
CHAPTER FOUR4.0 DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS
Introduction This chapter summarizes the finding of impact of telecommunication in Nigeria; the first
part provided an overview of the data presentation of secondary data, that is
respondent opinion on telecommunication.
Lagos state was classified according to convenience in to the urban centers and rural
Lagos; The rural Lagos are areas like Ikorodu, Epe, Badagry and Ojo, Agbado-ijaye,
However it must be noted that this areas are urban in nature but the interior part are
those classified as rural Lagos state.
Encompassing the two region the following interview were conducted:
139 interviews in urban, and 61 interviews in rural.
In addition to this 30 different official from different sectors were interviewed.
At the time of the survey these locations were within the coverage zone of CELTEL, the project was executed as planned but the only slight different was the extra interview
that was conducted with an official of CELTEL who gave insight into various question that were asked by respondents as the research became more of explaining to the respondents what each question meant. Sources of Data Analyzed.
A total of 200 respondents were sampled in the 10 local government area of Lagos State
comprising about 57 business phone operators were visited for questionnaire
administration. However, only 196 questionnaires were retrieved.
The information used for our analysis and discussion here were obtained from the
following:
1. Respondents opinions
2. International telecommunication union (ITU) who provided information
about country profile and telecommunication indices
3. Celtel Nigeria
Available information
The data from questionnaire were analyzed using Microsoft Excel Software. In this part
of the report an exceedingly wide range of data were tabulated and presented using
various chart types and graphs for easy viewing, analyses, and summary.
Among these data, key information for telecommunication impact relating to both
environmental, economic, social and the relationship between the income of
respondent and expenditure on GSM recharge were also provided, lagosians in all
region both rural and urban settings clearly have a high demand for services.
There are two source of data the first is the primary data while the second the
secondary data, an existing data that was gotten from the international
telecommunication union on country’s index of telecommunication is also presented in
this chapter, making the number of tables two.
TABLE 4.1 : SEX OF RESPONDENT
Male Female
URBAN 80 50
RURAL 32 34
TOTAL 112 84
From the chart above overall the male respondent is 112 while the female respondent is 84
amounting to 57 percent and 43 percent respectively , however in regional comparison shows
that more female were interviewed compared to male , this was not the case in the urban
center where the number of male respondents out ways that of there female counterpart
TABLE 4.2: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENT
15-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 & above
URBAN 50 36 25 13 6
RURAL 4 25 14 17 6
TOTAL 54 61 39 30 12
CHART shows the age of respondent among the two regions, availability of youthful respondent
in rural Lagos is limited compared to that in the urban center as shown in the chart above
where 50 respondent within the age bracket of (15 – 25) where recorded in urban center and
just 4 in rural Lagos. But the situation changes when we get to the older population as most of
them are in rural Lagos, from the chart 17 respondent are recorded in rural Lagos while 13 in
urban center of Lagos within the age bracket of (46 – 55).
TABLE 4.3
MARITAL STATUS OF RESPONDENTS
Single Married
URBAN 87 43
RURAL 24 42
TOTAL 111 85
From the table above more married respondent are concentrated in rural and the single
respondent are in urban Lagos.
TABLE 4.4. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF RESPONDENT
PRY. SCH SSCE OND BSC MSC & ABOVE
URBAN 6 48 15 53 8
RURAL 10 41 9 6 0
TOTAL 16 89 24 59 8
This chart shows the educational characteristics of respondents majority of the respondent at
least have SSCE amounting to about 89 respondent divided in both rural and urban center and
more of the first degree holder are concentrated in the urban center as only six respondents
have Bsc in the rural Lagos, there are no respondent with Msc and Above qualification in the
rural area.
Fig 4.6
This chart shows the relationship between the respondents income and there expenditure on
GSM recharge, this varies as shown in the graph above there is a good relationship between the
amount generated by various respondent and the amount spent on GSM recharge as almost
the same number of respondent that earn the various class of amount also spend the same
class on GSM recharge except for that of those who earn N5,000 to N10,000 and spend within
N500 to N1,000, where is a great variation of about Nine respondent and the ones experienced
in other class are below three.
TABLE4.6: RESPONDENTS OPINION ON TELECOMMUNICATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
S. Agree Agree Undecided Disagree S. Disagree URBAN 50 68 11 1 0RURAL 18 35 12 1 0TOTAL 68 103 23 2 0
FIG 4.6
The chart shows what respondents felt about telecommunication and development in Nigeria,
from the research question most of respondent agree that telecommunication has led to
development in Nigeria and just about 23 are undecided and I want to believe that the majority
of these respondents are those that possess a minimum qualification of primary school and two
respondents disagree about telecommunication impact in development of Nigeria are not
aware of the various input of telecommunication in Nigeria.
TABLE 4.7: REPONDNET OPINION ON SECTORAL IMPACT OF TELECOMMUNICATION
EducationAgricultur
e Administration Security ICT HealthURBAN 36 4 34 8 47 1RURAL 22 4 23 0 17 0TOTAL 58 8 57 8 64 1
The pie chart above shows respondent opinion on telecommunication impact in various
sectors, most respondents believe that ICT information communication technology, education,
and administration has more telecommunication input than any other sector, ICT in the sense
that internet facilities in most area is powered by telecommunication , most especially in the
banking industry. Secondly the areas of education as all the respondent are either in secondary
school or in university, all their registration are been done online, there assignment and all that
had got something to do with the telecommunication. Thirdly that of administration, the
connection between superior officers and their subordinates is enhanced with the aid of
telecommunication and information transfer from one part to the other. While sectors like
agriculture, health and security has less impact of telecommunication according to the
respondents.
TABLE 4.9:
Friends Family Business PartnersURBAN 27 32 71RURAL 15 23 28TOTAL 42 55 97
This multiple bar chart represents that respondents call the most. This will help us to denote
what importance telecommunication play the most either for business (economic reasons) or
family and friends (social reasons) and as we can see 99 respondent call business partners while
97 call family and friends, this means that both economic and social purpose are
telecommunication is employed.
TABLE 4.10: SHOWS DIMENSION TELECOMMUNICATION IS FELT THE MOST BY RESPONDENTS
Economically Socially EnvironmentalURBAN 83 46 1RURAL 33 27 0TOTAL 116 73 1
The multiple bar chart shows Respondent’s opinion on where telecommunication impact is felt
the most. Unlike the above chart, which shows that both economic and social importance this,
includes that of environmental impact, there is rather a contrasting view unlike the above in
this chart respondents believe telecommunication impact is much felt economically, this is as
result of may be the economic growth that has occurred since the emergence of
telecommunication. Socially seventy-three respondent and environmental effect vis-à-vis the
former situation one respondent this is due to the respondent level of environmental
awareness of telecommunication situation. This prompted me to conduct an interview with an
official of the CELTEL Nigerian company for further clarification on this matter.
TABLE 4.11: RESPONDENTS INTEREST IN OTHE ICT SERVICES
Fax Email Internet Intranet Money TenderURBAN 6 37 72 0 15RURAL 1 22 41 0 4TOTAL 7 59 113 0 19
This chart represents respondent interest on other ICT facilities that has to do with
telecommunication most of the respondents prefer Internet facilities and E-mailing compared
to Money-tender and Fax services, while intranet has no respondent due to there awareness of
what intranet is, and as such they are not interested.
4.2: HYPOTHESES TESTING:
Ho: there is no relationship between the impact of telecommunication witnessed in the urban centers and that witnessed in rural Lagos.
H1: there is a relationship between the impact of telecommunication witnessed in the urban centers and that witnessed in rural Lagos.To test these hypotheses we employ the spearman’s Rank Correlation statistics
N=21- rs2T = rs6Sd²n(n²-1Where Rs = 1 -The critical a value is given as 1 - a/2 and as such a = 0.05
TABLE 4.12INDICES (URBAN) Y (RURAL) X R(Y) R(X) D D²
Education 32 22 4.5 5 0.5 0.25
Agriculture 4 4 1 2 1 1
Administration 34 23 6 6.5 0.5 0.25
Security 8 0 2 1 -1 1
ICT 71 17 7.5 4 -3.5 12.25
Friends 27 15 3 3 0 0
Family 32 23 4.5 6.5 2 4
Business partners 71 28 7.5 8 0.5 0.25
Σd² 19.0
6Sd²n(n²-1Where Rs = 1 -Rs = 1- 6(19) 8(8²-1)
1- 1148(64-1)
1- 114504
1- 0.22Rs = 0.78
This shows that there is a high correlation between telecommunication impact in the urban centers of Lagos and the rural Lagos.
Let us examine the strength of this positive correlation by converting the (Rs) value to (T) score;
0.78 8-2 1-(0.78)²
0.78 2.45 0.36(0.78)(6.45) t = 5.03
Degree of freedom = n-2 = 8-2 and is equal to 6
Critical value of t at a = 0.05 and 6 degree of freedom is 2.447
Thus t = 5.03, 2.447 at 6 degree of freedom.
The decision rejects Ho at a 0.05 and accept H1 that is
There is a relationship between the impact of telecommunication growth witnessed in urban
centers and that witnessed in rural Lagos.
TABLE 4.13: SPATIO TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF OPINION OF RESPONDENT ON TELECOMMUNICATION AS IT RELATES TO DEVELOPMENT IN LAGOS STATE.
Urban (x) Rural (y) xy x² y²
Strongly agree 50 18 900 2500 324
Agree 68 35 2275 4624 1225
Undecided 11 12 132 121 124
Disagree 1 1 1 1 1
Strongly disagree 0 0 0 0 0
Total 130 66 3308 7246 1674
From the table above
Sx = 130
Sy = 66
Sxy = 3308
Sx² = 7246
Sy² = 1674
The regression equation is given as y = a + bx
Where a = n(Sxy - S(x) S(y) -------- equation 1
n(Sx² - (Sx)² And b = n(Sxy - S(x) S(y) ------------- equation 2 n(Sy²) – (Sy)² Substituting the values into the various equation
a = 5(3308) - (130)(66)
5(7246) - (130)²
16540 - 1980 36230 - 16900 14560 19330 a = 0.75 Substitute values into equation ----2 we have
b = 5(3308) - (130)(66)
5(1674) - (66)²
16540 - 1980
8370 - 4356
14560
4014
b = 3.63
The equation for the regression is y = 0.75 + 3.63x
FIG 4.13CHART TELECOMMUNICATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN LAGOS, LINE OF BNEST FIT BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL RESPONDENT OPINION.
From the chart above we can deduce there is a relationship between the opinion given by respondent in the urban centers and that given by respondent in rural Lagos, out of the five point in the chart above three enters the line leaving out two other points, one each on the part of the line. The distance of the points that are left out the lines are almost the same and this signifies that even where there is disparities in opinion, it correlates even on both side, and as such there is a good correlation between the respondents in the urban centers and those in the rural Lagos when it come s to telecommunication and its impact on development of Nigeria.
Table 4.15 interview session with official of the then Vmobile Nigeria Ltd shedding light on frequently asked question on the negative impact of telecommunication equipments and gadget on the health and environment of the people
Question Answer
Can mobile phone cause
cancer?
There is no convincing scientific evidence that the use of
mobile phones can cause brain tumours or other cancers
in humans. It is the consensus of the world wide scientific
communities that the low powered radio signals
produced by mobile phone do not have sufficient intrinsic
energy to affect genetics
Are there other health
risks?
Independent scientific institutions around the world
review relevant research as it is published. The consensus
of these expert groups is that there is no demonstratable
evidence of a risk to human health from mobile phone
use. The GSM Association however, continues to support
international quality research into this question.
Am I at risk if I live close to
base station?
Where members of the public have access to the area
around a base station the radio signal levels are typically
much lower than even the most stringent internationally
adopted safety guidelines. It is only in areas close to the
antennas that the recommended limit may be exceeded.
The network operator will take steps to prevent public
access to these areas by placing the antennas near the
top of the mast or high on the building. A GSM base
station operates with low radio signals power to reduce
interference with nearby sites that will affect call quality.
For a typical GSM base station that is mounted on a
building or a pole the typical maximum signal strength is
1% of most national RF exposure standards. In most cases
the GSM signal strength would be compared to most
existing broadcast radio and TV services.
Why can’t I use my mobile
phone when I fly?
It is standard on aircraft to turn off all types of radio
transmitters and certain other electrical devices such as
CD players during flight. When airborne, the radio signals
from mobile phones can travel for hundreds of kilometers
and this could interfere with the operation of ground-
based phones. It is therefore highly recommended that
you obey the airlines instructions to switch off your
mobile phone
Why are there so many
restrictions on using mobile
phones in hospitals?
At short range, the signals from mobile phone may cause
interference with electronic medical devices. At distances
greater than 2m the possibility is substantially reduced. It
is possible for mobile phone to be used in designated
areas of hospitals, however, you should obey any warning
signs and the instructions of hospital staff.
I have heard reports of
mobile phones causing
explosions at petrol
stations, is it true?
As far as the GSM association is aware none of the media
stories has ever been traced to a real event, however,
notices produced by petroleum companies have
encouraged speculation. Mobile phones user guides also
frequently advise that phones should be switched off in
the vicinity of petrol forecourts. This is not due to the
radio signals transmitted by the phone but because of the
theoretical risk that if a handheld phone is dropped and
battery separated from the phone it may cause spark
across contacts. The GSM Associations is of the opinion
that mobile phone users should respect the prohibitions
of the fuel companies, and follow any relevant advice
given in their mobile phone user guides.
Is t safe for children below 7
years to use a mobile
phone?
The current World Health Organization view is that
international safety guidelines protect everyone in the
population with a large safety factor. In addition, in
February 2004 the health council of the Netherlands
stated it sees no reason for recommending limiting the
use of mobile phones by children. Mobile phones do
provide important safety benefits to children who can
use them in times of distress or emergency situations.
However, mobile phones are not toys, and GSM
Association encourages parental supervision in the
selection and use of mobile communication technologies
for children.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 SUMMARY
The purpose of this study is to examine the spatio- temporal analysis of
telecommunication network coverage in Nigeria and its social, economic and
environmental impact. This report shows that the Nigeria telecommunication sector is
currently undergoing very rapid change and explosive growth. The industry receives, in
2004, global acclaim as one of the fastest growing mobile markets in the world,
developing from about 30,000 line subscribers base a t the beginning of the millennium
to 3.6million in August 2006, Nigeria is now officially the largest growth market for
telecommunication in Africa and the middle east.
5.1.1 FINDINGS
The key finding in the spatio-temporal analysis of the impact of telecommunication
coverage in Nigeria are:
PHENOMENAL SECTORAL GROWTH: the total subscriber base for connected fixed and
mobile line rose from less than 280,400 lines to 10,201,728 at the end of 2004, and
27,949,894 lines as at August 2006, an average of growth rate of 180% annually.
Nigeria’s teledensity has also grown from near zero in 1999 to about 9% in 2004 and
23.29% in 2006 and the addressable market for telephone subscriptions is now in the
region of 35-50million.
TELECOMMUNICATION AND IMPACT ON OTHER SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY: telecommunication has great influence on the ICT information, communication
technology, because of the connectivity required by computer to access the internet, and also offer IT driven issues such as E-banking, E-gaming and so on have be enhanced by the growth of telecommunication. Next is the administrative and educational sector of the economy as most registration, payment, clearance and other documentation requires telecommunications in terms of internet or online factors. Meanwhile health and agricultural sector has less effect on telecommunication because of our level of development in Nigeria as per tele-medicine and in agriculture the impact could only be described by farmers in rural area.
STRONG PERFORMANCE OF MOBILE TELEPHONE: The mobile is playing a large role in
the development of the Nigerian economy and, in less than eight years, GSM has
emerged as an integral and essential part of the culture and life of Nigerians. The
mobile sector displays the hallmark of a vigorous and competitive market, with
operators declaring good profits, and consumers enjoying lowering prices under a stable
and fairly consistent regulatory price.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF TELECOMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT: In terms of mobile phone cancer, there is no convincing scientific evidence that the use of mobile phone can cause brain tumors or other cancers in humans, as the low powered radio signals produced by mobile phone do not have sufficient intrusive energy to affect genetics. In terms of mobile phones and hospitals, At short range signals from mobile phone may cause interference with electronic medical devices. At distance greater than 2meters the possibility is substantially deduced. In term of mobile phone and petrol station, as far as GSM association is concern none of the media stories has ever been traced to a area event, however, notices produced by petroleum companies has encouraged speculation.
ATTRACTIVE INVESTMENT CLIMATE: Private investment into the Nigerian
telecommunication sector has grow n to over $6billion, from $50million in 2001, with
the sector the largest generation of foreign direct investment (FDI) after the oil and
gas industry. Operators regularly announce large multi-million dollars deals with the
biggest player been the big three mobile operators. As Vmobile declared about 2billion
dollars in project Role Out Services Everywhere(R.O.S.E) in 2005. Nigeria also recorded a
continental first when two leading private equities ACTIS and Emerging Market
Partnership (EMP), invested $43. 2million through AIG Africa Infrastructure Fund (AAIF)
into Starcomms, one of Nigeria’s leading private telecommunication operator. This is
one of the most notable foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa in 2004.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
The importance of the telecommunication sector and the complexities on its
operations has continuously become a subject of discuss. Since one out of every five
Nigerian one have a phone, then what readily comes to mind is the reduction of tariffs
and efficient service delivery and interconnectivity between networks. All these have
been advocated by the major factors militating against these issues is the in
conduciveness of Nigerian business climate and as such.
5.2.1 RECOMMENDATION TO GOVERNMENT
PROVISION OF REGULAR AND UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY: Adequate power supply should be provided PHCN, provide a mare 16.87% of requirement, compelling operators to independently generate the balance of about 84%. The 138% increased in generation (from 4200MW in 2000 to about 10,000MW) by 2004 as proposed under NEEDS is not likely to satisfies the industry’s requirement given at project rate.
It will also be necessary to accord priority power consumer status to the GSM operators and for synergy between the NCC and the power regulatory to avest a multiple regulatory regime.
IMPROVED CUSTOMS CLEARANCE PROCESSES: In view of the fact that about 95% of
mobile telecommunication network components are imported, the sector has
significant stake in the customs clearance process. Imports a are however currently
tedious and unpredictable clearance process which impacts directly on the pace of
network roll out, maintenance and generally quality of service.
MULTIPLE TAXATION SHOULD BE REPLACED BY A UNITARY SYSTEM OF TAXATION: Operators a are contending with replicated demands for taxes, levies and various charges at the three levels of government as well as astronomical increase in same. And as such federal government should enact comprehensive legislation and establish the joint tax board to be responsible for determining which tier should collect specific taxes, and the basis for increments against inflation and other relevant economic factors.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ECOWAS COMMON EXTERNAL TARIFF (CET): To provide duty wavers for transformation backbone equipment, accord pioneer status to
telecommunication equipment, manufacturers willing to set up operations in Nigeria, review downwards NCC’s annual operating levies and spectrum fees.
DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION BACKBONE SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED: As NITEL’s infrastructure is inadequate to meet the present and future needs of the wider telecommunications industry, government should provide adequate incentives to encourage the ongoing construction of multimedia compatible fiber optic networks by mobile operators.
BUILDING OF LOCAL MANUFACTURER AND MAINTENANCE: Over 95% of network components and accessories are imported due to absence of local manufacturing capacity. And as such a local content policy for the manufacture of telecommunications equipment and supplies and the provision of supporting incentives in this regard such as grants, loans, tax holidays and subsidies.
PROPER INDUSTRY REGULATORY POLICY: NCC must align the present regulatory
framework with the realities of a competitive market, stake a balance between
consumer protection and the operators market development aspiration and introduce
certainty into regulatory process.
IMPROVED POLICY REGULATION IN TERMS OF
1. The effects of increasing technological maturity and falling prices for greater
capability should be incorporated into research. Also, the relative energy intensity
of the production and consumption of telecommunications services should be
compared to the energy intensity of the production and consumption of
transportation services. Input-output tables of the Nigerian economy permit
measurement of the total consumption of both telecommunications and
transportation.
2. The Federal government should also take steps to measure access to and usage of
telecommunications services by households, firms, and schools with the objective of
collecting data that illuminate whether some groups have become excluded from
basic opportunities provided by telecommunications access for earning a living,
educational attainment, and civic participation.
3. The Federal government should support policy-focused research on the social and
economic consequences (including unintended ones), opportunities, and costs
resulting from telecommunications-stimulated flexibility in the use of time and
space. Particular transportation issues that are not well understood and that would
yield to focused research include
(a). The determinants and dynamics of patterns of activity, land use, and travel in
the new just-in-time economic paradigm in telecommunication.
(b). Costs and benefits of a range of public policies and private actions available for responding to routine peak-period traffic congestion that results from travel demand exceeding roadway capacity as it relate s to telecommunication.
ROBUSTNESS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS: The National Communications Commission should continue to emphasize robust telecommunications capabilities that can continue operations after major natural disasters, accidents, system malfunctions, and acts of sabotage in either telecommunications or transportation systems. Providing an alternative to disruptions in transportation is a compelling government motivation for pursuing the National Information Infrastructure as a transportation substitution.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACCESS TO SERVICE : Federal, state, and local government
agencies should focus on investments in the design, development, and implementation
of those teleprocesses that reengineer service delivery to meet all of the following
criteria simultaneously: agency cost savings and avoidance, customer and taxpayer
satisfaction, service delivery effectiveness and coverage, and reduced travel generation
for both customers and employees.
INCORPORATING HEALTHCARE IN TELECOMMUNICATION POLICY: Federal health care
program regulations that require office visits as a condition of payment for a physician's
services should be reviewed in light of the tele-health model that suggests that best
practice is achieved when appropriate care is provided at the appropriate location. Best
health care practice may now require routine use of telecommunications for remote
diagnosis, consultation, or monitoring. Legal and administrative restrictions on these
practices were put in place prior to the current opportunity for telecommunications-based
restructuring of the health care delivery system. New protections can be designed that will
provide for more flexibility in the use of telecommunications and at the same time assist the
important objective of managing health care costs.
5.2.2 RECOMMENDATION TO OPERATORS
(1) Operators on their part should commit to supporting the implementation of
automated system for custom data and provide ICT support for port reform
process, educational facilities and agriculture in the rural areas.
(2) Operators should support the harmonization of facilities of urban
centers/cities to the less urbanized and subsequent rural areas.
(3) Operators should be obliged to extensively support local SME initiatives by
extensively integrating same into various aspects of their operations.
(4) Operators should be willing to support local human capacity development,
research and development and by encouraging patronized equipment suppliers
manufacturers and consultants to establish local production plants and facilities.
5.3 CONCLUSION
Overall, these recommendations call for government leaders to shift their focus on telecommunications and travel beyond telecommuting to the much larger set of teleprocesses that are engendered by the National Information Infrastructure. The NII is changing the patterns of movement and location for both organizations and individuals in many different ways. By responding to the full scope of these changes, public policy can guide the nation toward obtaining more benefits at lower cost from the parallel growth of transportation and telecommunications.
Since Telephones are a tool both rural and urban people can use in cooling with the
forces of transforming their lives. Affordable access to rural telecommunication can
help provide Identify new opportunities for working, studying and for selling of their
products. Telecommunication help to maintain and build the social capital embodied in
relationship between family members, friends , business colleagues and others. Access
to rapid two-way communication through telephones is itself an important ingredient
of how rural Lagos people perceive their quality of life.
Telecommunication act to greatly lower the transactions cost of dealing with people
outside the local area. Telephone lead to better informed choices. Telecommunication
his act as a faster pace of change and increased international linkages a re key parts of
globalization, and telephone play a major role in contributing to this process.
However the attainment of socio-economic targets has immensely impacted positively
on the nation’s socio-economic environment. At macro-economic level, the sector
contribution to GDP increased by 53% in 2005 making it the third highest contributor
ahead of the financial sector which has been in operation for about 100 years. It has
attracted foreign direct investment of over $5 billion. In respect of employment over
175,000 persons have been directly employed (ALTON) 2006 Association of Licensed
Telecommunication Operators in Nigeria. While the industry has supported service
sector such as banking, insurance, consultancy (legal, accounting, HR, tax), haulage,
shipping and IT, as well as the small and medium scale enterprises (SME) segment of the
economy has also witnessed very significant level of increased activity.
Government treasury has been boasted by payment of over 250 billion in taxes and
levies. National productivity has also been enhanced as travel times and associated
risks have been reduced, business communication improved and the rural-urban divide
narrowed down. Social and family relationships and the security situation have also
been significantly enhanced. A significant number of not-for-profit corporate social
responsibility (CRS) initiatives are been sponsored by the operators e.g. NFL league
(Globacom), half marathon (MTN), GULF, WHO WANTS TO BE A MILLIONNAIRE
(CELTEL).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I acknowledge Almighty God, the Giver of Knowledge and Wisdom for his infinite mercies in
giving me good Health and sound mind to complete this course and project.
I am highly indebted to many people who have contributed one way or the other to this
project. I however wish to register my unqualified gratitude to my mother Rosemary Owomero
(of Blessed Memory), and my able father & menthol Daniel T. Owomero.
I also want to thank my supervisor Mr. R. Olorunimbe for his patience, guidance and correction
at various stages of my project, my lecturers Mr. F.O. Ogundele, Mr. Abidemi Aina, Dr.
Omotayo, Prof. Badejo, Prof. Odumosu, Prof. Ojo, Mr. Adebayo, Dr. Aigbe, Mr. Ogunjobi, Dr.
M.O. Lawal and Mrs. Sholadaoye.
I am also grateful to Prof. O.O. Ayeni and Surv. Ojo who informed my decision to write on this
topic.
My sincere appreciation goes to my immediate family; Emily, Bridget, Kingsley and Justina, not
forgetting Mr. And Mrs. Orekunrin for their moral and financial support.
Finally, My thanks goes to my friend for their contribution towards the completion of this
project; Tunde(Babanla), Yinka, Sylvester, Isaac (Gunners), Tunde, Tunde(Lag), Ope, Lolade,
Peju, Ladi, Biola, Seyi, Demola, Asaju, Osaja, Bisola, Tayo, Sammy, Okoria, kunle(taba), and
others.
DEDICATION
To the memory of my beloved Mother Mrs. Rosemary Owomero.