![Page 1: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility
challenges and solutions forcoffee smallholders
Christophe MontagnonWCR Scientific Director
![Page 2: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What we think we know
and maybe we do not
Preamble: Sharing ideas
![Page 3: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Increased Yieldis not always
increased profitabilityGAPs
Extra Yield well documented
Extra costs and/or extra labor ??
![Page 4: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Coffe
e / U
rea
pric
e ra
tio
Coffe
e =
USD
/ M
etric
ton
Ure
a=
10 x
USD
/ M
etric
ton
Coffee (other mild) Urea coffee/Urea
Historical coffee and urea pricesFertilizers recommendations profitability?
Year Coffee / ureaPrice ratio
1985-2000 20 to 70
2000-2015 10 to 20
Are 80’s recommendations still profitable?
![Page 5: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
One message does not always fit for allInteractions GAPs x
SoilClimate
Farm business model…..
![Page 6: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Coffee AgroEcological DiversityWCR-CIAT scientific paper in PlosOne 2015
![Page 7: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Farm business model ?
Large estates
SmallholdersCoffee dependant
Multi cropMulti activities (off farm activities)
![Page 8: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
It is not always about helping farmers decrease
production costsSometime help them
Increase their production cost to attainprofitability!
![Page 9: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Equivalent one Ha Coffee Production – Adapted from Technoserve, AFCA conference Nairobi, Feb 2015
Production costs of smallholders are often close to zero
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Estate Kenya Estate Brazil Smallholder Rwanda Smallholder Ethiopia
Overal cost to produce coffee Gross revenue from coffee Production cost
![Page 10: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What we think we knowand maybe we do not
Way forward is Business Driven Research
Preamble: Sharing ideas
![Page 11: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Business driven researchto increase farmer profitability
1) Focus on farmers bottom lineYield increase must translate into farmer profitability
2) Capture the diverse targeted environmentsSoil, climate, farm business model, growing system to give relevant and profitable recommendations
Example: Network of multilocation / multisystem trials …
where costs and benefits are monitored
![Page 12: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Varieties :
Challenges for smallholders
![Page 13: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
4 challenges for smallholders to benefit from improved varieties
1. Knowing which varieties are best
2. Having them available
3. Getting what is paid for
4. Getting a loan for replanting
![Page 14: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Old varieties
1. Know which varieties are best
SL28K7N39HarrarBMJBM139BM71Jackson….
CLR / CBD Resistant
Cat129F6BatianEthiopian fixed lines
Ruiru 11Tz HybridsEthiopian hybrids
(Some) Latest CLR / CBD ResistantElsewhere in the world
Colombia- Castillo
Brazil- Obata- Caturra SH3
Central America Mexico- F1 hybrids- Marsellesa
Business driven research for best varieties • Bottomline = CBD and rust resistance
• Yield stability and climate smart
• Cup quality
![Page 15: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
2. Having varieties available (mass multiplication)Manual pollination (CRI - Kenya) Horticultural cuttings (TaCri - Tanzania)
Tissue culture– Ecom-Cirad (Central America and Mexico)
Current big(est) challengeNot the job of research institutions,
lack of private sector investment in Africa
![Page 16: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
3. Getting what is paid for
![Page 17: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
4. Getting a loan for replanting
Role of business driven research
• Providing hard data for farmers to built a loanportfolio
• On farm demo trials
![Page 18: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
4 challenges for smallholders to benefit from genetic progress
1. Know which varieties are best
2. Having them available (mass multiplication)
3. Farmers trust they get what they are paying for
4. Getting a loan
• Include smallholders specific criteria for varietal selection
• Better inform on best adapated varieties (shade, altitude, soil, climate)
• Facilitate private investment in mass multiplication and distribution
• Facilitate fair regional / international exchange of best varieties
• Nursery verification (namely genetics conformity and nursery practices)
• Provide hard facts to built a loan portfolio
Towards a real professional coffee
seed sector(like any other crop)
![Page 19: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Soil fertility
Challenges for smallholders
![Page 20: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
2 challenges for smallholders to manage soil fertility
1. Being convinced that soil fertility recommendations are
really profitable
2. Getting specific recommendations for diverse
environments
![Page 21: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
1. Being convinced that soil fertility recommendations are really profitable
Input
Output = InputNet revenu = 0
Net revenu
Research recommendationsEstablished in high input zone
Recommendationsin low input zone ?
Fertilization investment
Reve
nue
from
coffe
e pr
oduc
tion
Monitore trials in different environments
![Page 22: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
1. Being convinced that soil fertility recommendations are really profitable
Sustainable « free » practices: composting, soil conservation measures...
• Labor time
• Hard labor: composting digging holes, moving organic matter for composting, moving compost back to the field
![Page 23: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
2. Getting specific recommendations for diverse environments: Soil Intelligence (see Jeremy and Carole’s presentation)
But also Interactions with shade, intercropping…
![Page 24: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Piet Van Asten, IITA, presentation at coffee renaissance summit, Oct 2015 Nairobi)
![Page 25: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
2 challenges for smallholders to manage soil fertility
1. Being convinced that soil fertility recommendations are really profitable
2. Getting specific recommendations for diverse environments
• Establish profitable recommendations to climb from low to higher input systems
• Systematically evaluate input costs: agroproducts and labor needs• Generalize soil analysis.• Work hand in hand with input providers to identify best products and
formulaes.
![Page 26: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Some Actions
![Page 27: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
AFCA-WCR Breeding workshop and Coffee Renaissance summit(Nairobi, October 2015)
![Page 28: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
East and southern Africa breeding platform
• Hub in CRI Kenya
• Core collection to be introduced from Central America based on WCR Genetic Diversity Analysis
• Next generation F1 hybrid crosses based on molecular breeding
![Page 29: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
30 best varieties worldwide exchangeFirst time everSame trial in 20 countries including DR Congo, Kenya and soon Rwanda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
WCR International Multilocation Variety Trial
![Page 30: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
On Farm Demo Trials Network
• Simple : 2-3 varieties and 2 soil treatments• Partnering with private sector and producers groups (Partners welcome)• Monitoring costs and benefits• Hard facts for increased profitability, i.e loan portfolio• Showcase and increase demand for new varieties• Network covering different:
• Soils• Climates• Altitudes• Farm business models• Growing systems
• Centralized data storage• « Big data » Interactions studies
![Page 31: Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility · 2017-03-02 · Old varieties 1. Know which varieties are best SL28 K7 N39 Harrar BMJ BM139 BM71 Jackson …. CLR / CBD Resistant](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f71c163b128a15d013318d0/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Access to improved Coffee Varieties and soil fertility
challenges and solutions forcoffee smallholders
Thank you