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AD01CTS ‐ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES
Alfrendo Satyanaga
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Lecture Topic1 Introduction & Steel Frame2 Concrete Frame3 Precast Concrete in Buildings4 Service Integration5 Refurbishment of Buildings 6 Sustainable Building – Part 17 Sustainable Building – Part 2
Exam preparation
Course Outline
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Objectives
• Construction techniques for different building structures
• Service installation and service integration
• Refurbishment technologies• Sustainability in construction of building
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Assessment
• Examination (100 %)• Exam: 3 hours• Exam paper shall consist of 5 compulsory questions
• Passing criteria: 50 %
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Construction Technology
• Study of construction methods to build structures safely while maintaining their quality conforming to the required specifications, standards and codes.
• It includes selection of materials for frame, construction equipment and temporary works to facilitate the construction process
• The modern trend is towards light construction and tall building which is always a big challenge
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Construction Technology
• Good project management contributes to economy, quality, safety, speed and timely completion of a project
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Selection of Materials
• The availability of materials and labour• Cost• Speed of construction• Ability to standardize• Size and nature of site• Performance of requirements, i.e. fire resistance, sustainability
• The arrangement of frame• Type of floor system
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Structural Elements & Frames
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Materials used in Construction
• Rock materials (blocks of rocks and fragments of rocks)
• Binder materials (lime, plaster cement, etc)• Concrete materials• Ceramic materials (bricks, tiles, stoneware, etc)
• Other materials (steel, aluminium, copper, wood, plastic, glass, etc)
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Material Information Resources
• American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM)
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
• British Standards Institution (BSI)
• Singapore Standards (SS)
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International Classification for Standards
• International classification for standards
(ICS) used in the Singapore Standards
catalogue:
• 91 – Construction Materials & Building
• 93 – Civil Engineering
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Regulation Involved
• Qualified Person (QP) who is a ProfessionalEngineer (PE) in civil & structural orgeotechnical, to prepare and submitstructural plans for approval, apply for apermit to commence works and to supervisethe works.
• Qualified Person (QP) who is a registered architect, to prepare and submit the building plans
Building Control Act & Building Control Regulations
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Lecture 1 – Steel Frame
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Steel
• A building material that has been extensively used
in various structures in Singapore.
• Synonymous with modern architecture.
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Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material
• Steel members have high strength per unit
weight
• Being light, steel members can be conveniently
handled and transported.
• Steel, being a ductile material, does not fail
suddenly, but gives visible evidence of
impending failure by large deflections
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Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material
• The properties of steel mostly do not change
with time.
• They can be erected at a fast rate.
• Steel has the highest scarp value amongst all
building materials.
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Disadvantages of Steel as a Structural Material
• Steel structures when placed in exposed
conditions are subjected to corrosion.
Therefore, steel structure require frequent
painting.
• Steel structures need fire proof treament, which
increases cost.
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Uses of Structural Steel Material
Speed of construction
• Less labour instensive
• Cleaner work site
• Economy
•Allow design flexibility due to excellent strength
and predictable behavoir under loading
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Factors on Selection of Structural Steel
• Tensile and yield strength required• Toughness, ductility and other properties required
• Availability and cost• Arbitrary local conditions as may be imposed by specifications and codes of practise
In Singapore, BCA Design Guides such BC1:2008 and BC1: 2012 are useful documentsfor selection of structural steel materialsfor building and construction
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Various Steel Products
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Factors Influencing Design of Steel
• The spans involved
• The vertical loading
• The horizontal loading
• The service loading
• The ground conditions
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Categories of Steel Building Construction
The majority of steel building fits within one of
the following categories:
TYPE MAIN USE
Bearing wall Low rise, lightly loaded
Steel frame Wide variety of types and sizes of building
Long span Coverage of long column‐free areas
High rise Tall buildings, i.e. more than 20 storeys
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Fabrication & Erection
• Simple connection
• Quality welding should be done at the factory
• Bolting is preferred at the site
• Avoid expensive weld – fillet weld is cheaper
than butt weld
• Design joints based on calculated forces rather
than section capacity
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Structural Steel Construction
Structural steel
members are erected,
braced, and secured
together to create a
structural framework.
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Structural Steel Construction
In beam and column
construction, beams
and girders support
floor and roof loads
and distribute the
loads to the vertical
columns.
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Structural Steel Construction
In long span
construction, long
distances are spanned
with built‐up structural
steel girders and
trusses.
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Structural Steel Construction
In wall bearing
construction,
horizontal steel beams
and joists are
supported by other
construction materials
such as masonry.
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Structural Steel Construction
Pre‐engineered metal
buildings consist of
prefabricated structural
steel members
including beams,
columns, girts, and
trusses.
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Structural Steel Construction
Various types and grades of steel are used in
structural steel construction.
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Structural Steel Construction
A variety of steel shapes are commonly used in structural steel construction. Standard abbreviations and designations are included on erection plans to indicate structural steel members.
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Structural Steel Construction
Columns are commonly constructed using M‐, S‐, or wide‐flange shapes.
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Structural Steel Construction
A wide variety of structural steel shapes are joined together to form a truss. Common steel truss designs include the bowstring, flat, Howe, Pratt, scissors, and Warren.
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Structural Steel Construction
Bridging and braces maintain alignment between structural steel columns, beams, and joists and increase resistance to loads.
.
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Structural Steel Construction
Tie rods are used to brace across long distances
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Structural Steel Construction
Composite Beam Primary and secondary beam in composite steel frames are connected to the floor slab using shear studs
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Structural Steel Construction
Portal Frame For spanning large distances Used for warehouse, factory and other low‐rise building with wide spans
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Structural Steel Construction
Trusses For spanning considerable distances Visually light and service is able to pass through
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Structural Steel Construction
Space Frames 3‐D trusses; span in 2 directions Flat or curve
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Structural Steel Construction
Long Span Structures For large building services
Troja bridge in Prague
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Structural Steel Construction
Light Steel Frames Using cold channel section (C section) 1.6 to 3.2 mm thickness Galvanized steel
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Structural Steel Construction
Modular / Volumetric Construction Constructed in factory Using light steel section
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Structural Steel Construction
Proper bolt and nut installation is essential for proper structural fastener performance. Erection plan details are the primary reference for bolted connections.
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Structural Steel Construction
Ribbed bolts may be used where steel members are drawn tightly together before fastening. High‐strength hex head bolts are identified with markings on the bolt head.
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Structural Steel Construction
Gas welding: Much less than arc welding, is still an
important process and used quite widely formaintenance and repair work.
It has some advantages for welding carbon andlow alloy steels since the weld area can bepreheated and post heated with the flame toreduce the cooling rate and, thus, avoid theformation of brittle martensite.
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Structural Steel Construction
Gas welding:
The flame temperature is lower than thetemperature of an electric arc and thetemperature gradients in the vicinity of a weldare also less.
The filler metal to make the weld is obtainedfrom a metal rod or wire fed into the flame bythe welder and, generally, the filler rod iscoated with a layer of flux. The flux melts andacts to dissolve surface oxides and form aprotective layer over the weld.
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Structural Steel Construction
Arc welding Bare electrode wire and welding rods or coated electrodes
Coating on a electrode is formulated to satisfy three objectives:(1) to form fusible slags;(2) to stabilise the arc; and(3) to generate an inert gas shield during the welding operation.
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Structural Steel Construction
Details provide information regarding welded connections.
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Structural Steel Construction
The standard format used for weld symbols provides information regarding location, length, and type of welded joint.
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Structural Steel Construction
Steel members may be cut to length using an oxyacetylene cutting torch
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Structural Steel Construction
Metal floor decking, manufactured in a variety of designs and dimensions, is attached to the top of open web steel joists to create a floor platform.
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Structural Steel Construction
Roof decks may be formed of metal decking only or covered with waterproofing materials and insulation.
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Structural Steel Construction
End plate beam to column connection Endplate connections have a single plate wededto the end of the beam which is bolted to the column using two or more bolts arranged in pairs.
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Structural Steel Construction
Haunch beam to column connection For high moment transfer Increase the effective depth of the section Using multiple pairs of bolts through endplate Common in portal frame
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Structural Steel Construction
Endplate beam to beam connection Similar to endplate beam to column connection, but the incoming beam must be notched
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Structural Steel Construction
Pinned tube connection The end tube is profiled and welded or bolted using simple fin plates
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Structural Steel Construction
Column base connection Casting bolts into the concrete
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Structural Steel Construction
QuiconTM connection Using special connector to eliminate the need for onsite bolting
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Structural Steel Construction
Steel to concrete connection Using steel bracket
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Cladding
Cladding is a layer of a building frame structure and it mounted on the outer surface of a structure
Provide an enclosure to the structure which will give the necessary protection against the elements
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Cladding
Exploit dry construction methods where possible, including the use of off‐site prefabrication
Impose the minimal additional dead load onto the frame
Enhance the architectural concept/appearance of the building
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Requirement of material for Cladding
Strength and stability Compatibility with Integration with vertical and horizontal frame members/elements
Weather resistance Durability Thermal insulation Fire requirements Sound insulation Aesthetic
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Cladding
Strongback System
Sub‐frame that supports thin cladding panels
Materials: stone, coated stell and stainless steel
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Cladding
Integral Panels
From concrete
Able to support own weight and resist wind
load without additional frame
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Cladding
Stick System
Consists of vertical and
horizontal members to
form a grid
To restrain solid panel
or glass
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Cladding
Brick
Attach to steel using shelf angles fitted to the
slab edge
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Cladding
Light steel cladding
Build up system with liner sheet
Build up system with liner trays
Composite panel system
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Cladding
Bolted glazing system
Sophisticated bolted glazing system where
glass panel can be attached to steel without
additional frame
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Fire Protection
Intumescent Coating
Brush or spray into steel
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Fire Protection
Board System
Forming rectangular encasements around steel
member (i.e internal beam and column)
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Fire Protection
Sprayed Materials
Using cementitious materials and applied onto
surface of steel
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Fire Protection
Concrete Filled Structural Hollow Sections
Structural hollow section can be fire protected
by filling with reinforced concrete
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