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ADRENAL GLANDS & RETROPERITONEUM
Puneet Bhargava, MD
Associate Professor
University of Washington
ADRENAL GLANDS & RETROPERITONEUM
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
William H. Bush, Jr., MD, FACR
Clinical Professor of Radiology
University of Washington Medical Center
Seattle, WA
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PEDIATRICS
• Neuroblastoma• Calcification > 85%• Encases vessels• Crosses midline• Spinal canal
extension• Metastases:
• bone common• lungs rare
Wilms Tumor• Calcification=10%• Displaces vessels• Doesn’t usually cross• No extension to spinal
canal• Metastases:
• lungs common • bone rare
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ADRENAL
Benign lesions
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Case: History of non small cell lung carcinoma
Precontrast = 20 HU Postcontrast = 120 HU Washout = 50HU
Precontrast = – 10 HURt
Lt
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Case: History of non small cell lung carcinoma
Precontrast = 20 HU Postcontrast = 120 HU Washout = 50HU
Bilateral adrenal adenomas, lipid rich on right, lipid poor on left
Precontrast = – 10 HURt
Lt
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MR Imaging features
• MRI
– Signal Intensity on T1 and T2 not very
specific
– Chemical shift imaging
• Accuracy 96 to 100%
Chang A, Glazer HC, Lee JKT, Heiken JP (1987) Adrenal gland MR imaging. Radiology 163: 123–128Mitchell DG, Crovello M, Matteucci T, Peterson RO, Miettinen MM (1992) Benign adrenocortical masses: diagnosis with chemical shift MR imaging. Radiology 195: 345–351
Axial T1 WI (a) in-phase and (b) out-of-phase images show an isointense mass in the left adrenal gland with loss of signal on out-of-phase image suggesting a fat rich adrenal adenoma.
a
b
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ADRENAL
Malignant lesions
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Case
History withheld
Pheochromocytoma• Composed of chromaffin cells
• Malignant – 10 to 13%
• Extra-adrenal – 10%
– Paragangliomas: base of brain to epididymis, usually sympathetic chain in
retroperitoneum
• Diagnosis is by assay of
catecholamines and their
metabolites in blood or urine.
• Syndromes
– MEN type 2
– Von-Hippel Lindau disease
– Neurofibromatosis
– Carney’s traid
Radin DR, Ralls PW, Boswell WD Jr, Colletti PM, Lapin SA, Halls JM (1986) Phaeochromocytoma detection by unenhanced CT. PJR 146: 741–744van Heerden JA, Sheps SG, Hamberger B, Sheedy PF, Poston JG, ReMine WH (1982) Pheochromocytoma: current status and changing trends. Surgery 91: 367–373
Enhancing mass in the right adrenal gland (arrow). This was a pheochromocytoma.
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• CT
– Sensitivity 95% for intra-adrenal,
– Rounded or oval masses of similar density to liver on non-contrast-enhanced scans.
– Central necrosis is frequent
– enhance markedly after injection of intravenous contrast medium
– Hypertensive crisis less with non-ionic CM
Velchik MS, Alavi A, Kressel HY, Engelman K (1989) Localization of phaeochromocytomas: mIBG, CTand MRI correlation. J Nucl Med 30: 328–336Quint LE, Glazer GM, Francis IR, Shapiro B, Chenevert TC (1987) Phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma: comparison of MR imaging with CT and 131I mIBG scintigraphy. Radiology 165: 89–93
Axial (a) non-contrast and (b) post-contrast images showing an enhancing mass in the right adrenal gland. Central cystic areas may be due to necrosis. Coronal (c) reformat shows the suprarenal location of the mass.
a b
c
Pheochromocytoma
Pheochromocytoma
• MRI –
– Hypointense on T1-weighted images and markedly hyperintense on T2-weighted images
– 35% - atypical signal intensity on T2-weighted images
– Enhance markedly following injection
Right adrenal Pheochromocytoma: T2 coronal (a) and axial (b) image showing a isointense mass superior to the kidney with small cystic areas in it. Out of phase (c), Precontrast (d), and post contrast T1(e) images show a mildly enhancing mass.
a b
cd e
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Pheochromocytoma
• NM –
– Iodine 131
metaiodobenzylguanidine
(MIBG) or indium-labelled
penetreotide (Octreoscan),
particularly helpful for extra-
adrenal lesions
Patient with MEN syndrome with a Pheochormocytoma and medullary thyroid CA. Focus of increased uptake in the left adrenal gland consistent with a pheochromocytoma and another focus of increased uptake in the right inferior thyroid which was shown to be consistent with a solid lesion on US. This was a medullary thyroid carcinoma. MRI confirmed the pheochromocytoma in the left adrenal gland (red arrow)
RETR0PERITONEUM
PELVIC LIPOMATOSIS
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RETROPERITONEAL FIBROSIS
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LYMPHOMA
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RETROPERITONEAL LIPOSARCOMA
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RETROPERITONEAL TERATOMA
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PELVIC TERATOMA
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