Download - Advance Research Method 02
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Selecting and Defining a Research Topic
Gay, Mills, and Airasian
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Topics Discussed in this Chapter
Identifying a Research Topic Reviewing the Literature Developing and Stating
Hypotheses
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Identifying a Topic A research topic focuses the study
to a defined, manageable size It provides structure for the steps in
the scientific method It is discussed in many ways
Research question Research problem Purpose of the research
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Identifying a Topic Four main sources of topics
Theory – an organized body of concepts, generalizations and principles that can be subjected to investigation
Provides conceptually rich topics Provides confirmation of some aspects of theory
Personal experience Replication Library immersion
Obj. 1.1
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Identifying a Topic Narrowing and focusing topics
Three problems with broad topics Enlarges the scope of the review of the
literature beyond reason Complicates the organization of the
review of the literature itself Creates studies that are too general, too
difficult to carry out, and too difficult to interpret
Obj. 1.3
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Identifying a Topic
Suggestions for narrowing topics Talk to experts in the field
Professors in your college or department Researchers you know
Read secondary sources that provide overviews of your topic
Handbooks Encyclopedias Reviews
Obj. 1.2. & 1.4
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Identifying a Topic
Quantitative and qualitative studies – differences in when a topic is narrowed Quantitative studies tend to narrow
the topic initially Qualitative studies tend to narrow the
topic throughout the research process itself
Obj. 1.4
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Identifying a Topic Researchable and non-researchable
topics Researchable topics…
can be investigated through the collection and analysis of data.
have theoretical or practical significance. have been conducted ethically. contribute to the management processes can be adequately researched given the
expertise, resources, and time constraints of the researcher.
Obj. 1.5
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Identifying a Topic
Non-researchable topics… address philosophical or ethical issues.
Cannot be resolved through the collection and analysis of data
address “should” questions. Ultimately these are matters of opinion
Obj. 1.6
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Identifying a Topic
The formal statement of a quantitative research topic… identifies the variables of interest. describes the specific relationship
between the variables. identifies the nature of the
participants.Obj. 1.7 & 1.8
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Identifying a Topic The formal statement of a qualitative
research topic… emerges over the course of the study. begins as an initial statement that tends
to be stated as a general issue or concern.
becomes focused as more is learned about the context, participants, and phenomena of interest.
is typically stated late in a written study.Obj. 1.8
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Generating research ideas
Useful Techniques
Rational thinking Creative thinking
Searching the literature Scanning the media
Brainstorming Relevance Trees
Exploring past projects Discussion
Keeping an ideas notebook
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Turning ideas into research projects (1)
Examples of research ideas
and their derived focus questions
Table 2.2 Examples of research ideas and their derived focus research questions
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The Literature Review
The review of the literature involves the systematic identification, location, and analysis of documents containing information related to the research problem
Obj. 2.1
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The Literature Review Functions of a literature review
Determine what has been done already Provide insight necessary to develop a
logical framework into which the topic fits Provides the rationale for the hypotheses
being investigated and the justification of the significance of the study
Identifies potentially useful methodological strategies
Facilitates the interpretation of the results
Obj. 2.2
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The Literature Review General recommendations for the
scope of the review Bigger does not mean better Heavily researched topics provide
enough references to focus only on the major studies
Lesser researched topics require reviewing any study related in some meaningful way even if this means searching related fields
Obj. 2.3
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The Literature Review
Four stages when conducting a review Identifying key words to guide the
search Identifying sources Abstracting the information found in
the references Analyzing, organizing and reporting the
literatureObj. 2.4
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The Literature Review
Identifying key words Importance of experimenting with
several key words and combinations of them
Using “legal” key words for particular data bases
Obj. 2.4 & 2.8
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The Literature Review
Identifying sources Characteristics of sources
Primary and secondary Empirical and opinion
Importance of using secondary sources such as handbooks, encyclopedias, and reviews early in the review process
Obj. 2.6
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The Literature Review Identifying sources
Broadening and narrowing keyword searches
Three important Boolean operators AND narrows a search OR broadens a search NOT narrows a search
Narrowing and focusing by date of publication, specific authors, titles, etc.
Obj. 2.5
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The Literature Review Identifying sources
Searching for books Electronic databases of university libraries Keyword searches
Searching for journals or papers Dissertation Abstracts Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature
Obj. 2.7 & 2.10
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The Literature Review Identifying sources
Evaluating web sites Quality, honesty, bias, and authenticity Thinking Critically about WWW Resources,
Critically Analyzing Information Sources
Obj. 2.11 & 2.12
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The Literature Review Abstracting the references
Locating, reviewing, summarizing, and classifying references
Seven steps Read the article abstract Skim the entire article Record complete bibliographic information Classify and code the article Summarize the article Identify thoughts about the article you believe
important Indicate direct quotes properly
Obj. 4.1
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The Literature Review Recommended strategies when
abstracting Begin with the most recent references and
move toward the most dated Record all bibliographic information
Author, date of publication, title, journal name or book title or website name, volume and issue, pages, library call number or URL
Identify direct quotes and record page numbers
Identify main ideas
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Literature Review Analyzing, organizing and reporting
Technical nature of reporting Documentation Formal language Adherence to prescribed styles (e.g., APA)
Outline the review Group by topics Analyze for similarities and differences within
subheadings Discuss the least relevant studies first, followed by
the most relevant studies Summarize the review and discuss the implications
related to the research problem
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Literature Review Differences between quantitative
and qualitative reviews Quantitative reviews are typically
conducted in the initial stages of the study
Qualitative reviews are ongoing throughout the entire study reflecting the need to understand data as it is collected, analyzed, and interpreted
Obj. 3.1
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Literature Review Meta-analysis
A statistical approach to summarizing the results of many studies that have investigated the same problem
Two unique characteristics The review is as inclusive as possible The results of each study are translated
into a statistic called an effect size (ES)
Obj. 4.3
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Literature Review Meta-analysis
Effect sizes Essentially the difference between the
means for the experimental and control groups in control group standard deviation units
The average of all effect sizes for all of the studies summarizes the overall effect of the studies
Effect size indices generally range from 0.00 to slightly more than 1.00
Obj. 4.3
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Literature Review Meta-analysis
Interpreting effect sizes There is no single standard by which
effect sizes are interpreted The authors suggest the following criteria
If the effect size is less than 0.30 it is considered small
If the effect size is greater than 0.30 and less than 0.70 it is considered moderate
If the effect size is greater than 0.70 it is considered large
Obj. 4.4
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Developing Hypotheses
Two views of hypotheses Inductive – a generalization made
from a number of observations Typical of qualitative studies
Deductive – derived from theory and aimed at providing evidence to support, expand, or contradict aspects of that theory
Typical of quantitative studiesObj. 5.1 & 5.4
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Developing Hypotheses Defining a hypothesis
A researcher’s tentative prediction of the results of the research
Formulated on the basis of knowledge of the underlying theory or implications from the literature review
Testing a hypothesis leads to support of the hypothesis or lack thereof
Obj. 5.1
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Developing Hypotheses A good quantitative hypothesis…
is based on sound reasoning. provides a reasonable explanation for
the predicted outcome. clearly and concisely states the
expected relationships between variables.
is testable.Obj. 5.2
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Developing Hypotheses Types of quantitative hypotheses
Research hypotheses state the expected relationship between two variables
Non-directional – a statement that no relationship or difference exists between the variables
Directional – a statement of the expected direction of the relationship or difference between variables
Null – a statistical statement that no statistically significant relationship or difference exists between variables
Obj. 5.5 & 5.6
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Developing Hypotheses
Obj. 5.5 & 5.6
Non-Directional Directional Null
There is no relationship between math attitudes and math achievement
There is a strong positive relationship between math
attitudes and math achievement
H0: = 0
There is no difference in the achievement of
students using technology or not
using it
Students using technology will have higher levels of
achievement than students who are not using it
H0: 1 - 2 = 0
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Developing Hypotheses
Hypotheses in qualitative studies Given the nature of qualitative
research, formal a priori hypotheses are not stated
Generative role of qualitative research Testing role of quantitative research
Focus is on generating new hypotheses as a result of the study (i.e., inductive hypotheses)
Obj. 5.10
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Stating Hypotheses
Formats for quantitative experimental studies P who get X do better on Y than P who do not get
X P represents the participant X represents the treatment Y represents the outcome
Testing hypotheses Statistical analysis of data Importance of the results regardless of the
outcome Results support or fail to support hypotheses, but
they never prove or disprove hypotheses Obj. 5.7 & 5.9