11

Advanced Spoken Advanced Spoken EnglishEnglish

Phonology Session Phonology Session

Linking & ElisionLinking & Elision

Speaking Portfolio: reminderSpeaking Portfolio: reminder

My feedback on task two is ready for you My feedback on task two is ready for you on Moodle. on Moodle.

Don’t forget to respond to my feedback, Don’t forget to respond to my feedback, especially if I ask you to re-record a few especially if I ask you to re-record a few sentences.sentences.

We will do Task 3 this week. We will do Task 3 this week.

OutcomesOutcomes

Understand the concept and Understand the concept and significance of linking and elisionsignificance of linking and elision

Identify and practise different kinds Identify and practise different kinds of linkingof linking

Identify and practise elisionIdentify and practise elision Start work on next Speaking Task Start work on next Speaking Task

33

Speech UnitSpeech Unit

We don’t talk in ‘words’We don’t talk in ‘words’ We talk in ‘pause groups’We talk in ‘pause groups’ Also called ‘phrasal units’Also called ‘phrasal units’ Or ‘speech units’Or ‘speech units’ Can be one word, (‘oh’) can be 3 Can be one word, (‘oh’) can be 3

words ‘How are you?’, can be many words ‘How are you?’, can be many words. ‘So I was talking with my words. ‘So I was talking with my mum the other day…’mum the other day…’

44

55

What happens inside What happens inside speech units / pause groups?speech units / pause groups?

A speech unit is pronounced as if it A speech unit is pronounced as if it were were

ONE BIG WORD ONE BIG WORD How do we achieve this?How do we achieve this?

Intonation over the unitIntonation over the unit Linking : C-V, V-V, C-CLinking : C-V, V-V, C-C Elision of consonantsElision of consonants

66

Why use Linking?Why use Linking?

Linking helps make the rhythm of speech Linking helps make the rhythm of speech smooth and flowingsmooth and flowing

When we link correctly we are better When we link correctly we are better understood – we indicate which words understood – we indicate which words belong togetherbelong together

When we don’t link we may suggest that When we don’t link we may suggest that we are upset or angry we are upset or angry

(English speakers can express this by saying (English speakers can express this by saying each word separately, slowly & distinctly)each word separately, slowly & distinctly)

77

C-V Linking – How would you C-V Linking – How would you pronounce these words?pronounce these words?

Came inCame in Dish outDish out Laugh aboutLaugh about Grab itGrab it March inMarch in Carves upCarves up Not at allNot at all An old dogAn old dog

88

C-V LinkingC-V Linking

When does it happen?When does it happen? ___C V___ ___C V___ What happens? What happens?

We ‘move’ the final consonant over to We ‘move’ the final consonant over to the beginning of the next word.the beginning of the next word.

For example:For example:- An old dog An old dog == “a nold dog”“a nold dog”- March inMarch in == “mar chin”“mar chin”

99

C-V Linking – Now try to C-V Linking – Now try to pronounce these wordspronounce these words

Came inCame in Dish outDish out Laugh aboutLaugh about Grab itGrab it March inMarch in Carves upCarves up Not at allNot at all An old dogAn old dog

1010

V-V Linking – Say these words. V-V Linking – Say these words.

How oftenHow often We oughtWe ought For better or for worseFor better or for worse They are hereThey are here Far awayFar away You and meYou and me

1111

V-V LinkingV-V Linking

When does it happen?When does it happen? ___V V___ ___V V___ What happens?What happens?- When the first word finishes with round When the first word finishes with round

lips, we add lips, we add /w//w/- When the first word finishes with spread When the first word finishes with spread

lips, we add lips, we add /j//j/- When the first word has an unpronounced When the first word has an unpronounced

‘r’, we pronounce the ‘r’, we pronounce the /r//r/- Otherwise we can add an Otherwise we can add an /r//r/(Do NOT use a glottal stop between words)(Do NOT use a glottal stop between words)

1212

V-V Linking – Now say these V-V Linking – Now say these words. words.

How oftenHow often We oughtWe ought For better or for worseFor better or for worse They are hereThey are here Far awayFar away You and meYou and me

1313

C-C Linking – Say these C-C Linking – Say these phrasesphrases

Good boyGood boy Hit manHit man In bedIn bed This shopThis shop Good girlGood girl Tin manTin man Have to goHave to go Did you?Did you? Don’t you know?Don’t you know?

(Adrian Underhill, (Adrian Underhill, Sound Foundations Sound Foundations (1998), MacMillan: Oxford, p.60)(1998), MacMillan: Oxford, p.60)

1414

C-C Linking (= assimilation)C-C Linking (= assimilation)

When does it happen?When does it happen? ___C C___ ___C C___ What happens?What happens?Your mouth gets ready to say the Your mouth gets ready to say the

sound across the word boundary:sound across the word boundary:- The sound at the end of the first The sound at the end of the first

word may change its word may change its placeplace of of articulation to that of the next soundarticulation to that of the next sound

- Or it may change its Or it may change its voicingvoicing- The sounds may The sounds may fusefuse into a new one into a new one

1515

C-C Linking – Now say these C-C Linking – Now say these phrasesphrases

Good boyGood boy Hit manHit man In bedIn bed This shopThis shop Good girlGood girl Tin manTin man Have to goHave to go Did you?Did you? Don’t you know?Don’t you know?

(Adrian Underhill, (Adrian Underhill, Sound Foundations Sound Foundations (1998), MacMillan: Oxford, p.60)(1998), MacMillan: Oxford, p.60)

1616

Elision of consonants – Try!Elision of consonants – Try!

• A A dustbindustbin was thrown through the was thrown through the window.window.

• We distinguish between We distinguish between dialectsdialects and and accents.accents.

• ……well well and thenand then they said… they said…• I’ve always I’ve always wanted towanted to tell you that. tell you that.• This This must bemust be her! her!

1717

Elision of consonantsElision of consonants

When does it happen?When does it happen? CCCCCC

What happens?What happens?

We delete the middle consonantWe delete the middle consonant

(not the first or last!)(not the first or last!)

1818

Elision of consonants – Now tryElision of consonants – Now try

• A A dustbindustbin was thrown through the was thrown through the window.window.

• We distinguish between We distinguish between dialectsdialects and and accents.accents.

• ……well well and thenand then they said… they said…• I’ve always I’ve always wanted towanted to tell you that. tell you that.• This This must bemust be her! her!

1919

We don’t link -We don’t link -

Where there is a pause – ie between Where there is a pause – ie between Pause Groups! Pause Groups!

- Linking works inside Pause Groups, - Linking works inside Pause Groups, pauses separate phrases.pauses separate phrases.

Before a word we want to emphasize Before a word we want to emphasize – we focus on a word by stressing it – we focus on a word by stressing it and making it stand out from the and making it stand out from the other words.other words.

2020

PracticePractice

Use the ‘Linking Worksheet’ handout. Use the ‘Linking Worksheet’ handout. See if you can work out what the See if you can work out what the

words are from the pronunciationwords are from the pronunciation Which rules of linking/ assimilation/ Which rules of linking/ assimilation/

elision have been used?elision have been used?

2121

Now it’s your timeNow it’s your time

• You may like to read through the ‘tutorial’ You may like to read through the ‘tutorial’ notes in Connected Speech. Start with notes in Connected Speech. Start with

Level 1, then level 2, then level 3.Level 1, then level 2, then level 3.• Practice linking using Practice linking using Connected SpeechConnected Speech

(see handout to record your (see handout to record your notes/progress).notes/progress).

Speaking Task 3Speaking Task 3

• Practise saying the poem from Vaughan-Practise saying the poem from Vaughan-Rees (2010), p. 13.Rees (2010), p. 13.

• Practise with the sound recording, if it Practise with the sound recording, if it helps.helps.

• Make sure you pronounce all of the links.Make sure you pronounce all of the links.• Record yourself saying this text, and post Record yourself saying this text, and post

as your next speaking task.as your next speaking task.• Remember to answer the reflection Remember to answer the reflection

questions.questions.

2222