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Advanced Techniquefor Improving the Biological Quality
of Petroleum-contaminated Soils
National Petroleum Technology OfficeTulsa, OK
Nancy Comstock, Program Manager
FEAC317
Art Stewart, Principle Investigator
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Landfarming operations . . .
“. . . highly effective in converting contaminated soil into material that can be used beneficially at approved locations on the military installation in revegetativeand soil restoration projects.” (Fort Polk)
“. . . the Landfarm has safely treated in excess of 1800 tons of POL-contaminated soil and 600 tons of digested sewage sludge in the past two years alone. RESULT: Annual cost savings in excess of $250 K.” (Fort Sill)
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Advanced Technique . . .
The central idea: use known properties of biological systems to facilitate the ecological recovery of oily soil habitats.
-- Hasten the rate of oil biodegradation in oily soils. -- Make biodegradation of TPH more complete. -- Attend to soil physical-property concerns. -- Produce a soil product of demonstrably good
biological quality.
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Advanced Technique . . .
earthworms
plantsplantsplants
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Experiments with oily soil from a landfarming operation in northwest Colorado.
-- Can earthworms live, grow and reproduce in the oily soil?
-- How “bad” is the oily soil, compared to non-oily soil?
-- Can organic amendments be used to improve earthworm performance in oily soil?
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Test soil concentration (%)
Eisenia
pre
fere
nce
for t
est s
oil (
%)
24-h response
Earthworms can tell the difference!
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Soil/amend Surv. (%) Reps w/ repro No. of Juveniles
Art + 0 90 9/9 299
LS + 0 90 0/9 0
LS + HM 80 3/3 17
LS + CM 60 1/6 1
LS + SM 100 4/10 19
LS + TF 90 0/9 0
LS + TP 80 0/9 0
Responses of Eisenia to organic amendments in oily soil
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1. Eisenia can detect (and behaviorally avoid) oily landfarm soil.
2. The non-amended landfarm soil seems near-satisfactory, in terms of being able to sustain earthworm populations.
3. The type of organic material used as an oily-soil amendment makes a difference to Eisenia.
4. At least some species of plants can germinate and grow in the oily landfarm soil.
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5. Gypsum (CaSO4), added at five times the highest recommended rate, does not significantly lighten
landfarm soil color (Munsell chart).
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Future accomplishments --
Field- (or greenhouse) scale testing
-- Effects of plant – soil invertebrate linkages onrate and extent of ecological recovery.
-- Relationship between bulking agents and soil biological quality, for oily landfarm soils.
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Biological Quality of Soils Containing Hydrocarbons and Efficacy of Ecological
Risk Reduction by Bioremediation Alternatives
FEAC303
Dexter Sutterfield, Program Manager
National Petroleum Technology Office
Tulsa, OK
Art Stewart, Principle Investigator
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Biological Quality of Soils . . .
• Project began in 1995.
• PERF project 94-06, “Environmentally Acceptable Treatment Endpoints for Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils”.
• Collaborative research on 20 soils.
• Understand mechanisms that retard the release of petroleum hydrocarbons from soil.
• Characterize soil biological quality.
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Biological Quality of Soils . . .
Can soil toxicity be predicted from total petroleumhydrocarbon (TPH) concentration?
Does sequestration of TPH compounds by soil reduce THP ecological risk?
Questions relate to regulations that can affect land-use alternatives for sites with petroleum-contaminated soils.
Perspective: Increasingly, environmental regulatorydecisions are being on the basis of risk to human healthand ecological health.
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Biological Quality of Soils . . .
Eisenia foedida survival, growth and reproduction.14-d tests, using various concentrations of the oily soils.
Contaminated soil concentration
Eart
hwor
m
resp
onse
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Biological Quality of Soils . . .
Two not-so-hidden project agendas
1. Learn about petroleum industry perspectives on petroleum industry environmental problems.
2. Transfer ORNL expertise and perspectives in ERA to petroleum industry representatives.
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Ecological risk –
What is it? How do we use it? How do we avoid it . . .?
Glenn W. Suter, III -- A framework for assessing ecological risks of petroleum-derived materials in soil.
Rebecca Efroymson – Toxicity benchmarks for petroleum hydrocarbons to soil invertebrates and plants.
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Biological Quality of Soils . . .
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (mg/kg soil)
Perc
en
tile
SOILINVERTEBRATE
PLANT
Efroymson et al. 2000
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Guillermo Napolitano – 1998. Characterization of petroleum-contaminated soils by thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection. J. Soil. Contam. 7:709-724.
saturates
aromatics
resins
asphaltenes
12 0
cm6
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Biological Quality of Soils . . .
Tested sampling methods that might be used to provide data on biological conditions at sites where soils maycontain petroleum hydrocarbons.
-- Depot/transfer site near Salt Lake City, Utah.
-- Small E&P site in south-central Kentucky.
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Biological Quality of Soils . . .
Hyperspectral analyses
Spatially explicit modeling
Restoration of landfarm soils