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Chapter
AP* Sixth Edition
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
African Civilizations African Civilizations and the Spread of Islamand the Spread of Islam
8
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
African Civilizations and Islam
I. African Societies: Diversity and Similarities
II. Kingdoms of the Grasslands
III. The Swahili Coast of East Africa
IV. Peoples of the Forest and Plains
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
African Civilizations and Islam
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
African Societies:Diversity and Similarities
• Political forms vary• Different religions
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Societies With and Without States
• Kinship fundamental• Secret societies
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Common Elements in African Societies
• Bantu migration– One language base
• Animism– Cosmology– Ethical code– Lineage important in relation with god
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Arrival of Islam in North Africa
• Part of Mediterranean• Arrival of Islam
– Spain, by 711– Berber Almoravids
Western Sahara Assist conversion
• Almohads– Succeed Berbers, 12th century
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Christian Kingdoms: Nubia and Ethiopia
• Copts– Egyptian Christians– Welcome Muslims– Spread to Nubia (Kush)
• Ethiopia– Heirs to Axum– King Lalibela
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Kingdoms of the Grasslands
• Caravans across Sahara• Sahel (grasslands)
– Transfer point
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Sudanic States
• Rulers sacred• Islam
– From 900s– Supports state
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Empire of Mali and Sundiata, the “Lion Prince”
• Malinke peoples from Ghana• Agriculture, gold trade• Sundiata (d.1260)
– Mansa (ruler)– Expanded state
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Empire of Mali and Sundiata, the “Lion Prince”
• Mansa Kankan Musa– Pilgrimage to Mecca– Brings back Ishal al-Sahili
Architect from Muslim Spain Beaten clay architecture
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Empires of the Western Sudan
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
City Dwellers and Villagers
• Jenne, Timbuktu– Thrive with expansion of Mali, Songhay
• Mandinka juula – Merchants
• Farmers the majority
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Songhay Kingdom
• Middle Niger valley• Independent by 700
– Muslim by 1010
• Capital at Gao• Sunni Ali (1464-1492)
– Expanded territory– Successors: askia
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Songhay Kingdom
• Defeated by Morocco, 1591• Hausa states, northern Nigeria
– Kano becomes Muslim center
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Political and Social Life in the Sudanic States
• Fusion of Muslim, indigenous traditions
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Swahili Coast
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Swahili Coast of East Africa
• Trading ports– Muslim influence strong
• Rest of population remains traditional
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Coastal Trading Ports
• Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, Zanzibar
• Madagascar– Southeast Asian immigrants– Bring bananas, coconuts
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Coastal Trading Ports
• Blended culture– Bantu, Islamic– Swahili– Spreads along coast– Trade with Asia
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Mixture of Cultures on the Swahili Coast
• Islam unifies– Along with Swahili
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Peoples of the Forest and Plains
• Artists and Kings: Yoruba and Benin• Nok culture, 500 B.C.E. and 200 C.E.
– Nigerian forests– Agriculture, iron tools
• Hiatus, 200-1000 C.E.
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Peoples of the Forest and Plains
• Yoruba– Urbanized agriculturalists– Small city-states
Divine kings
– Ile-Ife Holy Notable portrait heads
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Peoples of the Forest and Plains
• Edo– Benin, 14th century
Ewuare
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Central African Kingdoms
• Bantu close to Cape Horn by 1200– Form states
• Katanga– Luba peoples– Divine kingship– Hereditary bureaucracy
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Kingdoms of the Kongo and Mwene Mutapa
• Kongo–Along lower Congo–By late 15th century–Agricultural–Pronounced gender division of labor
Women farm, run householdMen clear forest, hunt, trade
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Kingdoms of the Kongo and Mwene Mutapa
• Kongo–Mbanza Kongo
Capital
–Federation of 8 states
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Kingdoms of the Kongo and Mwene Mutapa
•Shona language group–Zimbabwe (stone courts)
By 9th century
–Great ZimbabweMwene MutapaControl of gold sources
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Global Connections: Internal Developments and Global Contacts
• Spread of Islam – Brings sub-Saharan Africa into contact with
other world regions
• Yet some trends develop outside of the region of greatest Muslim influence
• Portuguese bring new contacts