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Age of Revolutions
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English Civil WarEnglish kings wanted to be absolute
monarchsParliament prevented kings from being
absolute monarchs (Parliament controlled money)
Charles I forced to sign Petition of Right - king cannot raise taxes without Parliament’s consent and king cannot imprison anyone without just cause
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English Civil War1642 – Charles I led troops into
Parliament – Civil War1649 – Charles I executed
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CommonwealthOliver Cromwell ruled England after the
execution of Charles I
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RestorationCharles II restored the monarchy to England
in 1660 (reopened theaters and pubs)
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Glorious RevolutionJames II – too Catholic for England1688 – Parliament forced James II to flee
and invited William and Mary (James II’s daughter) to rule England if they accepted the English Bill of Rights
England – limited monarch and a powerful Parliament
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French RevolutionCauses – influence of Enlightenment ideas
+ American Revolution Events – Storming of the Bastille + Reign of
Terror (executed over 40,000 people with the guillotine)
Outcomes – End of absolute monarchy of Louis XVI + Rise of Napoleon
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ImpactIndependence came to French, Spanish, and
Portuguese colonies in the AmericasTouissant L’Ouverture – Haiti’s
independenceSimon Bolivar – The Liberator (liberated
South America)
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ImpactColonies such as Bolivia , Haiti,
Colombia, and Argentina gained independence in the early 1800’s
The Monroe Doctrine established by United States recognized Latin American independence and stated if Europe interfered with them. The United States would consider it an act of war .
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Artists, Philosophers, and Writers + New TechnologiesBach – Baroque composerMozart – Classical composerDelacroix – romantic painterCervantes – novelistNew Forms of Art and Literature –
paintings depicted classical subjects, public events, and living people (portraits) + novel
Technologies – all-weather roads (year round transportation) + new farm tools + improved ship designs
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Congress of Vienna – Legacy of NapoleonUnsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under
French dominationNapoleonic CodeAwakened feelings of national pride and
growth of nationalism
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Congress of Vienna – Legacy of Congress of ViennaBalance of Power – no country should
dominate EuropeRestoration of monarchs – legitimacyNew political map – new boundariesNew philosophies – conservatives and
liberals
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Rise of NationalismNational pride, economic competition, and
democratic ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism
Congress of Vienna – led to discontent in Europe (did not include nationalists and liberals)
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Revolutions of 1830 and 1848Liberal – change government National – homelandFrance 1830 – constitutional monarch (liberal
revolution)Belgium 1830 – gained independence
(national)
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ItalyCavour – prime minister of Sardinia
(organized unification of Italy)Garibaldi – leader of the Red Shirts +
conquered Kingdom of the Two SiciliesPapal States – last to join Italy
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Germany Bismarck – prime minister of Prussia
(responsible for the unification of Germany)Realpolitiks – do whatever it takes to get
and hold powerFranco-Prussian War led to the unification of
Germany and Italy