Download - Agenda Why discuss Digital Libraries What is a digital Library History Meta-data FEDORA NSDL D Space
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Agenda
• Why discuss Digital Libraries• What is a digital Library• History• Meta-data• FEDORA• NSDL• D Space
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What is a Digital Library?• There are several definitions of Digital
libraries
• Borgman identifies two major aspects emphasized in these definitions – DL Researchers from Computer Science
focus on DLs as content for user communities and therefore emphasize the enabling technologies
– Library professionals appear to emphasize DLs as services / institutions
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DL:Evolution• Digital Library Initiative I
• Beginning in 1992-93, The US Govt. agencies, NSF ,DARPA, and others initiated the digital library efforts in the US with massive funding resulting in 6 major DL initiatives
• Digital Library Initiative II ( 1998-2002)
• E-Lib programme in the UK
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Roots of Digital Libraries• DLs have evolved from and are based on the
techniques and principles developed by the early IR researchers such as-– Calvin Mooers ( 1950)– Perry ( 1951)– Taube (1955)
• Information Retrieval Systems of 1980s
• Salton’s Automatic indexing and search systems (1960s)
• Hypertext systems of 1980s
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Meta-data• Data about data
• Meta-data standards• Dublin Core• Open Archive Initiative (OAI)
• Meta-data collection and harvesting• Periodic• Federated
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What is Meta-data
• Record of the existence of knowledge
(i.e. libraries)
• Linkable to each other
• Governed by standards to ensure compatibility
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Dublin Meta-data Core Element Set
• (A.K.A) Dublin Core
• “Born” in Dublin Ohio in 1995 funded by Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA)
• The Main standard for meta-data
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Dublin Core Elements
• 16 elements make up the Dublin core, used to identify data for easy searches 14 listed below
Subject IdentifierTitle
LanguageAuthor SourcePublisher RelationOther agent RightsDate LeaderObject typeForm
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Open Archive Initiative (OAI)
• Harvesting protocol – most used of all the harvesting protocols
• requires Dublin Core
• Runs on XML
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Collection and harvesting methods
Periodic
• Fixed interval collection
(e.g. every day)
• Ability to rate relevance when using search engines
Federated
• “on the Fly”
• Smaller amounts of data constantly linked
• Becomes less effective with larger stores of data
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Issues with federated harvesting
• 1985
USGS - United States Geological Survey
FGDC - Federal Geographic Data Community• Attempted to make a large federated meta-
data that became much slower as the amount of data grew. Resulting in less efficient searches
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Current trends
• Dublin Core more in use in Europe than the United States
• Periodic harvesting is preferred
• Among the first industries to use meta-data and digital libraries are publishers, and other industries that work closely with libraries
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Fedora
The problem
• Institutions and organizations face increasing demands to deliver rich digital content
• Delivery is only one aspect of a suite of content management tasks. Content needs to be created, ingested, and stored
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• Without standardization, the costs of management tasks become prohibitive
• Content managers need a flexible content repository system that allows them to
uniformly store, manage, and deliver all their existing content and that will accommodate
new forms that will arise in the future.
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Costs of not finding information
• IDC studies, found that knowledge workers spend from 15% to 35% of their time searching for information
• 40% of corporate users reported that they can not find the information they need to do their jobs on their intranets
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• 90% of the time that knowledge workers spend is spent in recreating information that already exists
• IDC, estimates $5,000 cost per worker per year
• For a 1,000 employee company, the cost of reworking is $12 million a year (15% of time spent in duplicating existing information)
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• First digital object repository management system based on the Flexible Extensible Digital Object and Repository Architecture (Fedora).
• Fedora is an open source software.
• Different to the Red Hat Fedora Project
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• Powerful digital object model that supports multiple views of each digital object and the relationships among digital objects
• Digital objects can encapsulate locally-managed content or make reference to remote content.
• Dynamic views are possible • Digital objects exist within a repository architecture
that supports a variety of management functions. • All functions of Fedora are exposed as web services
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• Fedora an attractive solution in a variety of domains
• Applications: library collections management, multimedia authoring systems, archival repositories, institutional repositories, and digital libraries for education
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National Science Digital Library (NSDL)
• Created by the National Science Foundation in 2000.
• 192 projects awarded since start.
• ~50 directly funded by NSDL.
• 400 unique collections.
• Goal of being a free service which directs users to exemplary resources for education.
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NSDL
• Provides an organized point of access to STEM content (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics).
• Supports Dublin Core standard.
• Most commonly, XML is used to store and encode documents for NSDL collections.
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• Access to most resources discovered through the NSDL is free.
• NSDL is a collection of other digital library collections.– In essence, the NSDL is more of a digital
card-catalog spanning many different collections.
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• Common selection mechanisms include: – Peer review boards– Content creation committees– User recommendations
• Advantage over other search methods in that it has a selection process and guaranteed quality results.
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DSpace
• Developed by HP and MIT in 2002.• Open source digital repository system.
– Provides digital archiving.
• Available under the BSD open source license.• Free to download and use.• Mission to: “Collect, manage, preserve and
redistribute digital content.”
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• Can store many different file types including: Books, Theses, Audio/Video and programs.
• Currently in use at many institutions world-wide including: Cornell, OSU, Vanderbilt and many others.
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• DSpace software is maintained by the DSpace Federation– No formal membership structure– Adoption is growing
• DSpace focuses on making content accessible and preserving it over time.
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DSpace Data Model