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Agilent EEsof EDA
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Simulating Phase Locked Loops Using
ADS
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Outline
What ADS is able to simulate, concerning PLLs
Basic concepts about Envelope simulation and PLL component behavioral modeling
Deriving sensitivity of a transistor-level phase/frequency detector and charge pump
An all-behavioral-model PLL
How to add phase noise from various components
Open- and closed-loop phase noise and spurs
Running a fractional-N simulation
Using a sigma delta modulator to generate the divide ratio
Summary
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
The PLL simulation problem (at transistor level)With purely time-domain simulator, need small time step to sample VCO signal and capture digital signals in PFD and divider. Transient response may require milliseconds => millions of time points
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
What ADS is able to simulate (utilizing mostly behavioral models)•Open- and closed-loop frequency responses
•Optimization of unity-gain frequency and phase margin
•Phase noise – two methods: frequency domain and time domain
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
What ADS is able to simulate (2)
•Applying modulation within the loop
•Transient responses
•Co-simulation with a behavioral sigma-delta modulator
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
About Circuit Envelope
1/(time step)
VCO
0.5/(time step)
Fref
BasebandEnvelope(begins at 0 Hz)
Envelopecentered on VCO
freq
Basebandenvelope VCO
envelope
Basebandenvelope
Can use relativelylarge time step, withbehavioral models
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Phase/Frequency Detector Behavioral Model
D Q
QFlip Flop
Clear
D Q
QFlip Flop
Clear
"1"
"1"
ReferenceInput
Divided VCOInput
Q1Output
Q2Output
"UP"
"DOWN"
To Charge Pump
“Source”
To Charge Pump “Sink”
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
PFD Input and Charge Pump Waveforms
Reference leads divided VCO.Charge pump current is positive.
Divided VCO leads reference. Charge pump current is negative.
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Why are Reference and Divided VCO Signals Sawtooth Waves?
Ideally, charge pump current pulse width is equal to time difference between PFD input signals. But insimulation, this width must be a multiple of the timestep. Envelope uses interpolation to getfiner resolution than the timestep.Sawtooth waves are easiest to interpolate.
Ideal currentpulse (can’tbe simulated)
Current pulse,1 timestepwide, amplitudereduced to givesame areaas ideal pulse
Current
time
1 timestep
-π
+π
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Phase/Frequency Detector Dead zone
Mean charge pump current versus phasedifference between two input signals
High and low currents maybe set to different values,giving different sensitivitiesoutside dead zone
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
VCO/Divide-By-N Behavioral Model
Tuning voltageoutput from lowpass filter
_v1 is the tuning voltage
VCO frequency is F0+VCO_Freq
Divided VCO outputfrequency is(F0+VCO_Freq)/(N0+dN)
Divided output is saw tooth waverepresenting the divided signal phase in radians
VCO output is a time-varying phasor
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
VCO/Divide-By-N Behavioral Model
0.2 V step in Vtuneforces VCO freq.to increase by0.2 X 10 MHz
VCO spectrum w/Vtune=0 VCO spectrum w/Vtune=0.2
Step in Vtune, and VCO phase indicating2 MHz increase in frequency
For VCO_DivideByN_Pulsecomponent, dN inputsmust be clocked.
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Deriving sensitivity of PFD and charge pump
PFD
Charge Pump
Inverter
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Computing average sensitivity using markers
Used in behavioralPFD on next slide
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
An all-behavioral-model, fractional-N PLL
Sensitivity is “on” current /360in Amps/degree
Divide ratio is N0+dN, wheredN is periodic signal with duty cycle = 8/32
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
VCO spectrum has large spurs
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Including VCO phase noise in the simulation
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Simulation results, VCO only
Repeating the simulation10 times and averaging the results
Running the simulation once
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Adding VCO phase noise within the loop
Open-loop phase noiseprofile entered into textfile, as shown earlier.
Have to sum in VCO phase noise as a modulation signal at the vtune node.
This just generates a baseband FM signal that when summed in at the vtunenode gives the desired VCO open-loop phase noise profile.
Gives open-loop VCO phase noise
Gives closed-loop phase noise, including all noise sources
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Open- and closed-loop phase noise results with reference spurs
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Adding phase noise to the reference source
This is simpler, because the reference “signal” is actually the phase of the reference source. Just add the phase noise to the reference phase.
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Adding the frequency divider phase noise (1)
Sum it in the same way as the VCO phase noise.
Noise comes from different data file.
Noise must be multipliedby divide ratio.
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Adding the frequency divider phase noise (2)
Since the divided outputis a phase, can just sumthe phase noise at the output.
Noise is not multipliedby the divide ratio.
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Fractional-N Synthesizer PLL Top-Level Ptolemy Schematic
Fraction summedinto accumulator
Accumulator
PLL subcircuit(with behavioralmodels, only)
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Fractional-N Simulation Results
0 Hz corresponds to N0*ReferenceFreq = 1023*(1.728 MHz)= 1.767744 GHz
Fraction = 101/(210) = 0.098633Synthesized frequency = (N0 + Fraction)*ReferenceFreq
= 1.767744 GHz + 0.098633*1.728 MHz= 1.767744 GHz + 170.438 kHz
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Simulating PLL with Multi-Stage Sigma-Delta Modulator
Multi-stagesigma-deltamodulator
Fractionto be summed
Phase-LockedLoop with ProgrammableDivider
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Delta N Signal and Spectrum
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Resulting VCO Spectrum
0 Hz corresponds to N0*ReferenceFreq = 1023*(1.728 MHz)= 1.767744 GHz
Fraction = 501/(210) = 0.489258Synthesized frequency = (N0 + Fraction)*ReferenceFreq
= 1.767744 GHz + 0.489258*1.728 MHz= 1.767744 GHz + 845.438 kHz
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
VCO Spectrum, within Sigma-Delta PLL, Including VCO’s Phase Noise
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Stepping fraction, with transistor PFD/CP
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Fraction constant, with transistor PFD/CP
Longer stop time givesbetter close-in resolution
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Review and Summary
What ADS is able to simulate, concerning PLLs
Basic concepts about Envelope simulation and PLL component behavioral modeling
Deriving sensitivity of a transistor-level phase/frequency detector and charge pump
An all-behavioral-model PLL
How to add phase noise from various components
Open- and closed-loop phase noise and spurs
Running a fractional-N simulation
Using a sigma delta modulator to generate the divide ratio
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Appendix: More information on Sigma-Delta Modulator simulation
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Modeling the Accumulator
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Accumulator Simulation Results
Fraction that is summed is 100/(210), so the accumulator overflows about once every 10 clock cycles
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Using a Sigma-Delta Modulator as an Accumulator
Fraction to be summed
Accumulator “Core”
When accumulator core overflows,1-bit quantizer outputs a 1.
Quantizationnoise introducedby coarse, 1-bitquantizer
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Sigma-Delta Modulator Z-Domain Equation
)()1()(.)( 1 zEqzzFzY −−+=
The quantization noise, Eq(z), is high-pass filtered,(let then for small) if .F(z) is sufficiently random. But the fraction is constant, so the quantization noise varies periodically, generating spurs.
ωjez = ωω jez j ≈−=− −− 11 1
ω
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Using a 3-Stage Sigma Delta Modulator
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
3-Stage Sigma-Delta Modulator Equation
Z-domain equation for frequency:
)()1()(.)( 331 zEFzFzFNzF qrefrefout
−−+=
3rd-stage quantization noise is more random than 1st,and this noise has a more high-pass shape
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
A Three-Stage Sigma-Delta Modulator
Accumulator
Differentiator
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
Differentiator in Ptolemy
Output = A(1-z-1) + B
A
B
Output
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EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 2006
3-Stage Sigma-Delta Modulator Signals
1st stage overflow
2nd stage overflow
3rd stage overflow
dN signal
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Where are the examples that are referenced in this presentation?Slide 5Frequency response, phase margin, unity gain frequency:examples\RF_Board\PLL_Examples\PLL_Freq_Resp_prj\PLL_Freq_RespPhase noise:
Slide 16 and 17 Not in an example, but similar to examples\RF_Board\PLL_Examples\PLL_FracN_prj.
Slides 18 and 19 examples\RF_Board\PLL_Examples\PLL_PhaseNoise2_prj\PLL_Noise_Contrib or PLL_Noise_Contrib2 or PLL_NoiseContrib3examples\RF_Board\PLL_Examples\PLL_PhaseNoise1_prj\PLL_PhNoise
This is from Knowledge Center example “Adding phase noise from a text file to a reference osc. or VCO for time- or frequency-domain noise simulation” (ID #240058.) It is design RefOscPhNoiseTimeDom. http://edocs.soco.agilent.com/display/eesofkc/adding+phase+noise+from+text+file+reference+osc+or+vco+time+or+frequenc
Slide 6Various step responses, each from a loop with a different phase margin: examples\RF_Board\PLL_Examples\DECT_LO_Synth_prj\PLL_Tran_SweptPhMargin.“VCO spectrum” and “Frequency Error in Hz” are from a
oise from text file reference osc or vco time or frequencydomain+noise+simulation
Slides 20-24These are from a Knowledge Center example (ID #301439.)http://edocs.soco.agilent.com/display/eesofkc/adding+phase+noise+behavioral+model+pll+simulations+time+domainVCO spectrum and Frequency Error in Hz are from a
Knowledge Center example, “Simulation of PLL Using Sigma-Delta Modulator to Attain High Frequency Resolution.”http://edocs.soco.agilent.com/display/eesofkc/Simulation+of+PLL+Using+Sigma-Delta+Modulator+to+Attain+High+Frequency+Resolution
oise+behavioral+model+pll+simulations+time+domain
Slides 25-30, 35-36, 41-43These are from a Knowledge Center example (ID #216107.)http://edocs.soco.agilent.com/display/eesofkc/Simulation+of+PLL+Using+Sigma-Delta+Modulator+to+Attain+High+Frequency+Resolution
Slides 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15These are from the ADS project, PLL_ModelingSem_prj, which may be downloaded from: http://edocs.soco.agilent.com/display/eesofkc/PLL+component+behavioral+models
Delta+Modulator+to+Attain+High+Frequency+Resolution
Slides 31 and 32 These are from a Knowledge Center example (ID #301447.)http://edocs.soco.agilent.com/display/eesofkc/sigmadelta+modulator+pll+simulation+with+transistorlevel+pfd+charge+pump
EEsof/Simulating PLLs with ADS
August 25, 200644
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