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Agricultural Research Agricultural Research and Productivity for the and Productivity for the
Future: Livestock IssuesFuture: Livestock Issues
Jeff ArmstrongJeff ArmstrongMichigan State UniversityMichigan State University
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OutlineImportance of agricultural research, Extension and education
Michigan – autos, food, water & natural resources!Importance of animal agriculture
$132 b economic impactMajor challenges
Basic / fundamental researchWicked problemsFunding
Recommendations & Consequences
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He said the issue demonstrated the need for a renewed emphasis on scientific research and education -- both high priorities for his agenda. "If there was ever a day that reminded us of our shared stake in science and research, it's today," he said. "We are closely monitoring the emerging cases of swine flu in the United States, and this is obviously a cause for concern and requires a heightened state of alert. But it's not a cause for alarm."
President Obama on “Swine Flu”
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PRODUCTIVITY LAG for
Fundamental / Disciplinary Research –
Decades!!!!!!
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Effect of Urbanization
By 2010 over half of the population will live in urban areasHigher demand for meat, fruit, and vegetablesMore grain demanded as it takes 3 lbs to produce 1 lb of beefAll create greater demand on water and other resourcesDemand for animal & worker welfare Concerns for environmental impact more regulations
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Wicked Problems!
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A Common Global Goal -A Sustainable Food Supply / Industry
Environmentally & Ecologically (planet)Culturally (people, ethics)Socially (people, ethics)Economically (profit)
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An example of new framing An example of new framing …………Animal WelfareAnimal Welfare
Swanson, 2002
The treatment of agricultural animals is an issuePublic perceptions of agriculture have changedThe intensity of animal ag will continuePublic assurance from “farm to table”
Certification and assessmentThird-party verification
Science has advanced meaningful information about animal management systems and effects on animal well-being
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Housing systems
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Enriched Cages
NestsDust BathsPerches
Allows for expression of hen behavior
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Hen welfare in different housing systems
Cages Enriched Non-cageInternal ParasitesMitesBone BreakageCleanlinessFoot healthCannibalismPerchingForagingNestingDustbathingAir quality
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Perception and Science
Huge Factor:
Single Slice Participants(Some - selective Science)
Ballot Initiatives:Now imagine the
contribution of scienceto the discussion!
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Socio-political intensity for changing farm animal production systems
Actions out-running the ability to assess impacts
Lack of whole system studies on how changes imposed affect entire system
To date patchwork and narrow emphasis on features of production systems
Lack of constructive public/political discourse and social trust
Serious ProblemSerious ProblemFor All For All
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Holistic View of Sustainability
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Copies of Paper Provided – Please
Review Recommendations
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Health Research (NIH)
Science Research (NSF)
Agricultural Research
Recent Years
Source: Dave Meeker – National Renderers Assoc.
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CREATE-21 / Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI)
Created by 2008 Farm BillAuthorized for ~$700 million; funded at ~$205 millionFor every $120 for NIH, we invest only $1 for AFRI (competitive funding)Less than 22% of qualified research proposals in AFRI are fundedAgriculture and food sciences receive only about 1% of total federal R&D
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Enhanced Competitive Grant Funding
($Millions) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total
Organics 18 20 20 20 78
Specialty Crops 30 50 50 50 50 230
Beginning Farmer 18 19 19 19 75
Biomass R&D 20 28 30 40 118
Total 30 106 117 119 129 501
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Health Research (NIH)
Science Research (NSF)
Agricultural Research
This Year
Source: Dave Meeker – National Renderers Assoc.
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The Stimulus Package by Agency, $ B
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After a coalition of farm, food and Land Grant organizations lobbied hard to include $200 million for agricultural research in the stimulus bill, the final Senate version provided $50 million. But when House, Senate and administration negotiators pared the final American Recovery & Reinvestment Act down to $787 billion, they eliminated the ag research funding entirely.
2009 Stimulus Package (add-ons)
Source: Dave Meeker – National Renderers Assoc.Source: Dave Meeker – National Renderers Assoc.
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No urgency – high quality, low cost food
Poor image of ag science
“Pork Barrel” history (Ear Marks)
After farm subsidies, Congress thinks ag has been “taken care of”
Why Don’t We Fund It?
Source: Dave Meeker – National Renderers Assoc.
Two other points:
• Poor Understanding of Time Lag to Productivity Gains
• Poor Understanding of Wicked Problems
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Animal Science Departments of the Future (Britt, 2008, JAS 86:3235)
Departments in all LG universities(28 colleges of Vet Med in US)
Largest major in colleges of agricultureMore than 85% indicate their species of most interest is horses, companion animals or exotic animalsPredominately female -- ~70%
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Animal Science Departments of the Future (Britt, 2008, JAS 86:3235)
Departments in all LG universitiesLargest major in colleges of agriculture
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Farm Animal Research in Crisis
Last 20 years, 44% decrease in research support from federal and state agenciesLast 30 years, faculty positions in larger land grant universities decreased by 50%NSF Survey of Earned Doctorates indicates that awarded doctorate degrees in ANS declined 30% from 1985 to 2004
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Farm Animal Research in Crisis
$32 m or .04% of the USDA budget allocated to competitive programs for animalsHealth and Human Services -- $29 b of $716 b to NIH (~80% competitive programs)Formula funds flat – declining1972 NRC warned – “grossly inadequate support ….agriculture”
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Public and Private Animal Research Expenditures (Source: ERS)
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Concerns – State Level Funding
In general, investment required for animal agriculture-based LG programs – 3-4X higherBefore the economic crisis
Estimate crop & specialty crop-based “commodity”support at 2-4 times that of animal-based supportNational – many funds limited to promotion of product
Since the economic crisisToo early to determine ………
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Facilities & OperationTraditional strong support from alumni and commodity groups for new facilities (e.g.)
Mid 80’s - $4 million plus beef facility NC StateMid 90’s - $70+ million Animal Industry Initiative MSURecent - $3 million from WK Kellogg Foundation for Pasture-based dairy (with robotic milking)
Replacement / maintenance – ????Operation
Estimate – 2-4x per FTE greater costLargest number of students – greatest cost
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Facilities
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Recommendations Authorize and fund AFRI at 1.4 b
New Under Secretary – great opportunity!Stop being ignored – billions not millions!Includes research, Extension and educationDisciplinary / fundamental and “wicked problems”Special attention to minority serving institutions
Enhance partnerships with NIH, NSF, etc.Establish competitive, multi-year centers with commodity groups, corporations & foundations (e.g. NSF & Gates Foundation)
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Recommendations All or part of formula funds linked to increased multi-institutional effortsEnhanced collaboration among LG system, veterinary colleges and ARS
Facility crisis is loomingEliminate ear marks
only after formula stabilized and AFRI fundedNo substitute for public funding for:
“wicked problems” and fundamental research
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Failure to Act / Reverse Crisis in FundingUS continues to fall behind in productivity and use of technologyUS food animal production moves off shore
Farm Foundation reportAdvances in food system and medical fields (pandemics?) lost or ceded to othersSustainable food, fuel and fiber production driven by emotion rather than scienceLoss of colleges of agriculture in LG
Already starting (U Mass proposal)
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Desired FutureBetter adapted to “wicked problems”
GHG and Climate ChangeEnergy and Energetic EfficiencyAlternative Feed and Food SourcesEnhanced Animal Health and Food SafetyAdaptation of Animals to Changing EnvironmentsBasic Biology of Animal Well-Being
Strong disciplinary research programsPositive impact on human and animal health and quality of life
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Agriculture is permissive to health, economic vitality and social stability --- without a strong US agriculture, heroic measures to improve human health would not advance.
Fuller Bazer, Texas A&M University
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Questions / Discussion?