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Air Pollution Solutions
Ch. 18
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How should we deal with air pollution?
Legal, economic, and technical tools can help us to clean up air pollution, but the best solution is prevention.
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Laws & Regulations
• United States– Clean Air Acts:
1970, 1977, 1990 created regulations enforced by states & cities
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Laws & Regulations
• EPA–National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQ) for 6 outdoor pollutants
–National emission standards for 188 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM – smaller than PM -10)Ozone (O3)Lead (Pb)
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Clean Air Act 1970
• National Air Quality Standards• Statutory Deadlines for
Compliance • Clean Air Act Amended in 1977
and 1990 primarily to set new goals (dates) for achieving attainment of NAAQS
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EPA & Air Quality
• Secondary Standard – Prevent environmental and property damage
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Clean Air Act SuccessAccording to EPA 6 major pollutants decreased by 54% between 1980 and 2008
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Possible Economic Solutions $$
• Enabled Emissions Trading Policy• Allows power plants to buy/sell
SO2 pollution rights
• Can only emit certain amt of SO2
• If emit less – earn pollution credits
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Clean Air Act Failure
• CO2 emissions increased by 16% between 1980 - 2008
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Controlling Air Pollution
1. Fuel efficient transportation2. Scrubbers, filters on
smokestacks3. Controlled land disturbing
activities4. Removing sulfur from fuels5. Lowering temp. of combustion6. Reducing incomplete
combustionA. Catalytic Converters
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U.S. vs. Developing Nations
“The air is cleaner despite the fact that we have twice as many vehicles traveling twice as many miles.”- Denis Hayes – coordinator of 1st Earth Day
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U.S. vs. Developing Nations
• tech + older tech + effort in env. quality = Air Pollution
• Older sources of fuel (coal, biomass) contribute to air pollution
• Leaded gasoline • 1999 WHO: respiratory disease =
leading cause of death of children in developing nations