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Algae as animal feed: Spirulina
(Arthrospira) as a case in point
July 23-26, 2017 | Montréal,
Canada
Amha Belay, Ph. [email protected]@earthrise.com
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The Natural Setting for
Growth
Hot Arid areas of the tropics and subtropics; marginal land unsuitable for conventional agriculture
Highly alkaline water with pH up to 11
Soluble NPK and trace elements from runoff and recycling
Shallow and mixed by wind
Highest productivity ever recorded for natural systems
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Protein
Carbodrates
Fats
Minerals
Moisture
Arthrospira platensis
Arthrospira maxima
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The DIC/Earthrise Experience
DIC Group of Companies
Siam Algae Co – 1978, Thailand (30 years), now closed
Earthrise – 1982, USA (36 years)
Hainan-DIC Microalgae Company -1996, China (21 years)
_____________________________
About 1000 dry tons of Spirulina produced/yr.
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Production Process
Ecological and sustainable
production with complete
recycling of nutrients and water
Produced in a clean desert
environment where rainfall does
not disrupt production and
compromise quality and safety
Safe and sound production
process that uses no pesticides,
herbicides or other chemicals
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TOTAL GLOBAL FISH/SHELLFISH
CATCH = 92 m tons (in 2003)
Human Consumption =
64 m tons (69%)Aqua-feed = 28
m tons (31%)
Why the Need for Alternative
Feeds?
*Heavy dependency of aquaculture on finfish and crustaceans
The Food-Feed Controversy
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Why The Need for Alternative
Feeds?
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Why Alternative Aqua-feeds?
Food and Feed Safety Concerns
Concern about BSE
Several countries banning animal protein including fish in animals to be fattened or bred for food
EU ban of fishmeal from ruminant feed
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Why Microalgae as Alternative
Aqua-feeds?
High biomass yield compared to other feeds
Energy utilization efficiency – base of the trophic level
Better land, water, and energy efficiency in production
Good protein source
Good PUFA source
Good vitamin and mineral source
Good pigment source
Additional benefits other than nutritional
Antioxidant/ant-inflammatory effects
Immune defense
Antibiotic effects
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Finfish Species Studied Other Species Studied
Tilapia Guppy
Oreochromis niloticus Poecilia reticulata
Carp Flounder
Cyprinus carpio Paralichthys olivaceous
Cirrhinus mrigala Mosquito fish
Catla Gambusia affinis
Labeo fimbriatus Milk fish
Labeo rohita Chanos chanos
Catfish Razorback
Ictalurus punctatus Xyrauchen texanus
Clarias batrachus Striped jack
Trout Pseudocaranx dentex
Onckorhynchus mykiss Sturgeon
Salmon Acipenser transmontanus
Salmo salar Black moly
Seabream Poecilia sphenops
Pagrus major
Rhabdosargus sarba
Abalone Shrimp
Haliotis asinina Artemia salina
Haliotis midae Artemia franciscana
Haliotis discus Penaeus merguirsis
Haliotis iris Liptopenaeus vannamei
Mussel Liptopenaeus schmitti
Mytilus galloprovincialis Fenneropenaeus indicus
Scallop
Aequipecten irradians
Prawn
Penaeus merguiersis
Macgiihrobrachium rosenberg
• Chicken
• Lamb/Sheep
• Cattle
Recent attention
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Conclusions from Broiler Studies
by Evans et al.
Performance
Diets containing 6,11 and 16% algae were
statistically similar to 0% algae diet for ending bird
weight, live weight gain and feed intake
Apparent Amino Acid Digestibility
Diets containing 6,11 and 16% algae were
statistically similar to 0% algae diet for digestible
threonine and valine
Diets containing 6,11 and 16% algae were
statistically higher than the 0% algae diet for
digestible methionine and leucine values
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CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF SCIENTIFIC
PUBLICATIONS ON SPIRULINA (ARTHROSPIRA)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Source: PUBMED
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Can Microalgae Offer a Viable Alternative as
Aqua-feeds? Spirulina as a model organism
Current price of Spirulina more than 10x higher than conventional feeds
Significant cost reduction needed to make it cost-competitive
Cost reductions possible if the following are achieved:
Higher productivity
Large scale systems – 2-5 acres
Unlined ponds
Free or low cost CO2
Low energy inputs for pond circulation
Low labor cost
Waste water recycling for cheaper nutrient inputs
Live feeds to reduce drying cost
High-value byproducts (the biorefinery concept)
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Customer and Regulatory
Standards Quality Standards
Nutrient content
Bioactives content
Organoleptic
Safety Standards
Microbiological
Heavy metals
Pesticides and herbicides
Algal and other toxins
GMP
HACCP
AAFCO
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New Product for Animal
Feed?
Spirulina Powder Linablue byproduct Powder
Protein 65% Ash < 10% Lower bulk density
Protein 45-50% Ash 25% Higher bulk density
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Drivers for Future Use of Algae
Increasing world population
Dwindling wild catch putting pressure on finding alternative fish feed sources
Dwindling arable land
Climate change and water use
Sustainability issues
Alternatives to conventional feeds: plant proteins instead of meat proteins
Therapeutic effects over and above nutritional effects
Synthetic biology
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Megan Molteni
Science 02.05.17
Inside the Race to Invent a
Fish-Free Fish Food
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THANK YOU