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Algae in Aquatic, Marine, and Terrestrial Systems
General Biology, Systematics, Ecology, and Environmental Impact
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Algae in Aquatic, Marine, and Terrestrial Systems
• Polyphyletic group: multiple genealogies
• Prokaryotic algae (cyanobacteria) and Eukaryotic algae (protistans; not true plants)
• Autotrophy
• Body form: unicellular, filamentous, and multicellular
• Diverse group: Over 26,900 eukaryotic algal species described.
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Divisions (Phyla) of Algae
• Prokaryotic Algae– Division Cyanophyta (cyanobacteria or blue-green
algae)
– not the first photosynthetic organisms, but ancient (3.5 billion years based on fossil record)
– one organelle is present in the form of simple, flattened vesicles called thylakoids (2 photosystems present)
– Chlorophyll a, phycobiliproteins; prochlorophytes are related species that possess chlorophyll a, b, and (c)
– Carbohydrate Reserve: Starch
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Single-celled to filamentous blue-green alga or cyanobacterium
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Colonial Cyanobacterium
• Gleocapsa
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Filamentous to semi-multicellular Cyanobacterium
• Nostoc
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Filamentous Cyanobacterium
• Oscillatoria
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Divisions of Eukaryotic Algae• Division Rhodophyta (red algae)• Division Chlorophyta (green algae)• Division Chromophyta (= Chrysophyta - golden brown
algae, yellow-green algae, diatoms; and Phaeophyta - the brown algae, for example, kelps)
• Division Haptophyta• Division Dinophyta (= Pyrrophyta - dinoflagellates)• Division Cryptophyta (cryptomonads)• Division Euglenophyta (Euglena spp.)
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Photosynthetic Pigments & Food Reserves
Rhodophyta Chlorophyll a;phycoerythrobilin
Starch (-1,4-linkedglucan)
Chlorophyta Chlorophylls a & b Starch
Chromophyta Chlorophylls a, c1, c2;fucoxanthin
Chrysolaminarin orlaminarin (-1,3-linkedglucan)
Haptophyta Chlorophylls a, c1, c2;fucoxanthin
Chrysolaminarin(-1,3-linked glucan)
Dinophyta Chlorophylls a, c2;peridinin
Starch
Cryptophyta Chlorophylls a, c2;phycocyanobilin
Starch
Euglenophyta Chlorophylls a, b Paramylon (-1,3-linked glucan)
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Unicellular Green Alga
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Conjugation – Sexual Reproduction
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Filamentous Green Alga
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Colonial Green Alga
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Multicellular Green Algae
Ulva - sea lettuce
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Desmid - Cosmarium
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Diatoms
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Dinoflagellate Algae
• Cellulose-containing armor plates that give them a sculpted appearance
• most species found in salt-water environments
• common cause of red tides - algal blooms
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Euglenoids
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Red Algae
Porphyra - nori use to wrap uncooked fish & other food items
Smithora naiadum - a epiphyte on eel and surf grass
Pikea robusta
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Brown algae
Fucus sp.Nereocystis luekeana
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Alaskan Kelp Forest
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Beneficial Aspects of Algae• Food for humans
• Food for invertebrates and fishes in mariculture
• Animal feed
• Soil fertilizers and conditioners in agriculture
• Treatment of waste water
• Diatomaceous earth (= diatoms)
• Chalk deposits
• Phycocolloids (agar, carrageenan from red algae; alginates from brown algae)
• Drugs
• Model system for research
• Phycobiliproteins for fluorescence microscopy
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Detrimental Aspects of Algae
• Blooms of freshwater algae• Red tides and marine blooms• Toxins accumulated in food chains• Damage to cave paintings, frescoes, and other
works of art• Fouling of ships and other submerged surfaces• Fouling of the shells of commercially important
bivalves
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Red tide bloom
• Prorocentrum micans bloom
• Associated with Hurricane Floyd, which ended a dry summer
• surface of water slick with this dinoflagellate 9-21-1999
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Algal Bloom: Before and After
9-23-1999 9-29-1999
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Red Tide
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Satellite Imagery of Red Tides
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Toxic Phytoplankton & Human poisoning
• Paralytic shellfish poisoning - saxitoxin
• Neurotxic shellfish poisoning - brevetoxin
• Ciguatera fish poisoning - ciguatoxin and maitotoxin
• Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning - okadaic acid
• Amnesic shellfish poisoning - domoic acid
• Cyanobacterial neurotoxins - anatoxins
• Cyanobacterial hepatotoxins - microcystin, nodularin
• Dermatitis - lyngbyatoxin, aplysiatoxin
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Bird Sudden Death Syndrome
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Bird Sudden Death Syndrome
• DeGray Lake, Arkansas; Eagles migrate to area in October and stay through March
• Eagles eat fish, the American coot, and other prey items
• Winter 1994-1995, 29 eagles were found dead or died of a neurological malady
• Winter 1996-1997, pattern repeated itself, leaving 26 bald eagles dead
• Die-off of eagles has been reported in North Carolina and Georgia
• Coots have been reported to suffer similar symptoms and mortality outbreaks
• Why? No one knows? Algal toxins?