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Fanlin Meng, Kui Weng, Balsam Shallal, Monjur Mourshed
BRE Trust Centre for Sustainable EngineeringCardiff University
Algorithms and Optimization Strategies for Building Energy Management & Demand Response
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Outline
• Context
• Energy Forecasting
• Energy Optimisation
• Discussions & Conclusion
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Context
• Building Energy Management: building types/ operation characteristics
➢ Commercial (operating only in daytime)
➢ Residential (all through the day, peak demand in
early evening, low demand in night)
➢ Industrial (all through the day, (normal) usage in night)
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Context
• Demand flexibility and demand response
➢ Smart meter data
➢ Energy demand profiles/ building types
• Renewable generation variations and uncertain
➢ Wind energy highly variable and uncertain
➢ Solar energy not available in night
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Context
• Forecasting algorithms are critical
• Optimization are efficient tools
• Research gaps and directions
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Energy forecasting
• Building physics-based approaches • Physics-based differential equations • Building simulation model with details (building simulation
software such as Energy Plus)
• Machine learning based data driven approaches • Supervised learning (classification and regression)• Unsupervised learning (clustering) • Hybrid methods
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Building physics-based approaches
• Physics-based differential equations ➢ each thermal appliance➢ Simplified aggregation model
• Building simulation software➢ Energy Plus
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Data-driven Energy Forecasting
• Building/home level energy forecasting➢ Smart homes➢ Building energy management
• District/grid level energy forecasting➢ District energy management➢ Smart microgrids
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Energy forecasting process
Appliance characteristic Environmental …Building physics Social-economic
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Classification/ Regression
Home/ building energy demand
Occupancy/ appliance schedules
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Common Forecasting Algorithms
• Artificial neural networks (ANNs)• Deep learning: recurrent neural network (RNN)• Support vector regression (SVR)• Support vector machine (SVM)• Radom forecast • Online learning • Hybrid methods: clustering and classification/ regression
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Energy optimisation
• Energy forecast models in place!
• How to obtain optimal decisions to maximize users’ utility
➢ Energy optimisation
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Energy optimisation
• Multi-objective optimization vs single objective optimization
➢ Multi-party interactive decision making in a centralised way -> multi-objective optimization
• Hierarchical (multi-level optimization) vs single level optimization
➢ Sequential decision making with multi-parties -> multi-level optimisation
• Deterministic optimization vs stochastic optimization
➢ Model parameters and control variables are deterministic ➢ Model parameters or control variables are stochastic
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Hierarchical optimization: examples
• Hierarchical decision making
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Energy Supplier
Customer customer customer…
ToU prices Demand
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Case 114
• Optimize energy prices for energy supplier to maximize its profit.
• Optimize energy usage for customers to maximize their benefits.
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Case 215
• Optimize energy prices for energy supplier to maximize its profit.
• Consider customer segments with different behaviours
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Summary (1)
• Energy forecast➢ Home/building level forecast➢ District/grid level forecast➢ Building physic based model ➢ Data-driven based models
• Energy optimization ➢ Multi-level optimization vs single level➢ Multi-objective optimization vs single objective ➢ Stochastic optimization vs deterministic
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Summary (2)
• Forecast algorithms selection ➢ ANN➢ Deep learning: RNN➢ Hybrid methods➢ Online learning ➢ Problem dependant
• Energy optimisation ➢ Trade-off between tractability and optimisation performance
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Thank you!
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