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Effects of Alloying Elements in Steel
Steel is basically iron alloyed to carbon with certain
additional elements to give the required properties
to the finished melt. Listed below is a summary of
the effects various alloying elements in steel.
Carbon SulphurManganese Selenium
Chromium Niobium
Nickel Nitrogen
Molybdenum Silicon
Titanium Tantalum
Phosphorus Cobalt
Copper
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Manganese
Manganese is added to steel to improve hot
working properties and increase strength,
toughness and hardenability.
Silicon
Silicon is used as a deoxidising (killing) agent in
the melting of steel, as a result, most steelscontain a small percentage of silicon.
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Chromium
Chromium is added to the steel to increase resistance to
oxidation.
chromium can increase the response to heat treatment, thus
improving hardenability and strength.
Nickel
Nickel is added in large amounts, over about 8%, to high
chromium stainless steel to form the most important class of
corrosion and heat resistant steels.
Nickel also improves resistance to oxidation and corrosion.
It increases toughness at low temperatures when added in
smaller amounts to alloy steels.
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Molybdenum
Molybdenum, when added to chromium-nickel
austenitic steels, improves resistance to pittingcorrosion especially by chlorides and sulphur
chemicals.
When added to low alloy steels, molybdenum
improves high temperature strengths and
hardness.
When added to chromium steels it greatly
diminishes the tendency of steels to decay inservice or in heat treatment.
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Titanium
The main use of titanium as an alloying element
in steel is for carbide stabilisation.It combines with carbon to for titanium carbides,
which are quite stable and hard to dissolve in
steel, this tends improve resistance against
corrosion.
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Cobalt
Addition of cobalt to steels improve the strength
Decreases hardenability
Copper
Copper is normally present in stainless steels as a
residual element.
It increases corrosion resistance
VanadiumIt increases strength, hardness, creep resistance
and impact resistance due to formation of hard
vanadium carbides, limits grain size.
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TYPES OF ALLOY STEELS
STAINLESS STEELS
TOOL STEELS
MARAGING STEELS HSLA STEELS(high strength low alloy steels)
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Stainless steels
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Tool steels
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Maraging Steels
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HSLA Steels
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TYPES OF STAINLESS STEELS
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL
FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL
MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEEL
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AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL
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FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL
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MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEEL
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CAST IRON
Ferrous alloys with greater than 2% carbon is
generally known as cast irons.
And also they contain small amount of
1. Silicon
2. Sulphur
3. Manganese4. Phosphorus
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TYPES OF CAST IRON
GREY C.I
WHITE C.I
MALLEABLE C.I SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE C.I
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MICROSTRUCTURE OF GREY C.I
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BRAKE DRUMS,VALVES,BEARING HOUSING
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MICROSTRUCTURE OF WHITE C.I
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MOTOR FRAMES,PIPE VALVES,
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STRUCTURE MALLEABLE C.I
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CONSTRUCTION SCREWS,FLANGE,WHITE C.I FRAME
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MICRO STRUCTURE OF SPHEROIDAL
GRAPHITE C.I