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Alternative Energy for Permaculturists
Choosing the right technologies for your climate, biome, and context
By Troy Martz
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Permaculture Design Principle: 2
Catch and Store Energy
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What is Energy?
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What is Energy?
• Energy is a property of objects
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What is Energy?
• Energy is a property of objects• Transferable via fundamental interactions
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What is Energy?
• Energy is a property of objects• Transferable via fundamental interactions• Convertible into many forms
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What is Energy?
• Energy is a property of objects• Transferable via fundamental interactions• Convertible into many forms• Can neither be created nor destroyed
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What is Energy?
• Energy is a property of objects• Transferable via fundamental interactions• Convertible into many forms• Can neither be created nor destroyed• Energy is potential work
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What is Energy?
• Energy is a property of objects• Transferable via fundamental interactions• Convertible into many forms• Can neither be created nor destroyed• Energy is potential work practical view
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Forms of Energy
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Forms of Energy
• Kinetic Energy Baseball flying through air
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Forms of Energy
• Kinetic Energy Baseball flying through air• Potential Energy Book on a shelf
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Forms of Energy
• Kinetic Energy Baseball flying through air• Potential Energy Book on a shelf• Thermal, or heat energy Hot coffee
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Forms of Energy
• Kinetic Energy Baseball flying through air• Potential Energy Book on a shelf• Thermal, or heat energy Hot coffee• Chemical Energy Your body (ATP)
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Forms of Energy
• Kinetic Energy Baseball flying through air• Potential Energy Book on a shelf• Thermal, or heat energy Hot coffee• Chemical Energy Your body (ATP)• Electrical Energy Light bulb
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Forms of Energy
• Kinetic Energy Baseball flying through air• Potential Energy Book on a shelf• Thermal, or heat energy Hot coffee• Chemical Energy Your body (ATP)• Electrical Energy Light bulb• Electrochemical Energy Basic battery
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Forms of Energy
• Kinetic Energy Baseball flying through air• Potential Energy Book on a shelf• Thermal, or heat energy Hot coffee• Chemical Energy Your body (ATP)• Electrical Energy Light bulb• Electrochemical Energy Basic battery• Electromagnetic Energy Light from the sun
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Forms of Energy
• Kinetic Energy Baseball flying through air• Potential Energy Book on a shelf• Thermal, or heat energy Hot coffee• Chemical Energy Your body (ATP)• Electrical Energy Light bulb• Electrochemical Energy Basic battery• Electromagnetic Energy Light from the sun• Sound Energy Bass drum (wave)
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Forms of Energy
• Kinetic Energy Baseball flying through air• Potential Energy Book on a shelf• Thermal, or heat energy Hot coffee• Chemical Energy Your body (ATP)• Electrical Energy Light bulb• Electrochemical Energy Basic battery• Electromagnetic Energy Light from the sun• Sound Energy Bass drum (wave)• Nuclear Energy The sun
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Energy Transfer
• Heat– Conduction– Thermal electromagnetic radiation
• Work– Electric power transmission– Mechanical water lift
• Mass– Mass movement from one system to another
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Energy Transfer Losses
• No transfer of energy is 100% efficient, and usually around 75%– AC DC conversion– Electrolysis Hydrogen
• 3 mechanisms– Conduction– Convection– Radiation
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Energy as Work
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Energy as Work
• Man power Hunting & gathering
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Energy as Work
• Man power Hunting & gathering• Animal power Plow, Chariot
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Energy as Work
• Man power Hunting & gathering• Animal power Plow, Chariot • Nature power Waterwheel, windmill
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Energy as Work
• Man power Hunting & gathering• Animal power Plow, Chariot • Nature power Waterwheel, windmill• Steam power External combustion
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Energy as Work
• Man power Hunting & gathering• Animal power Plow, Chariot • Nature power Waterwheel, windmill• Steam power External combustion• Hydrocarbon power Internal combustion
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Energy as Work
• Man power Hunting & gathering• Animal power Plow, Chariot • Nature power Waterwheel, windmill• Steam power External combustion• Hydrocarbon power Internal combustion• Nuclear power Steam turbines
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Energy Builds Empires
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Worldwide Energy Consumption
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kWh/Year Energy Consumption
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The Cost of a Watt
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US Household Energy Allocation
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Heat Solutions
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Heat Solutions
• 70% of the total energy needs is in heating air and water. How is this best addressed?
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Heat Solutions
• 70% of the total energy needs is in heating air and water. How is this best addressed?
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Heat Solutions
• If you need heat, keep it! Insulation is key.
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What about the other 30%?
Mechanical & Electrical
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Engines, Generators & Motors
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Engines, Generators & Motors
• Engines: Use some kind of energy to produce mechanical force
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Engines, Generators & Motors
• Engines: Use some kind of energy to produce mechanical force
• Generators: Use mechanical force to produce electrical current
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Engines, Generators & Motors
• Engines: Use some kind of energy to produce mechanical force
• Generators: Use mechanical force to produce electrical current
• (Electrical) Motors: Use electrical current to produce mechanical force
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Engines, Generators & Motors
• Engines: Use some kind of energy to produce mechanical force
• Generators: Use mechanical force to produce electrical current
• (Electrical) Motors: Use electrical current to produce mechanical force
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Power: Mechanical & Electrical
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Power: Mechanical & Electrical
• Mechanical Power:– Engine
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Power: Mechanical & Electrical
• Mechanical Power:– Engine
• Electrical Power:– Engine + Generator– Photovoltaics
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Energy Storage
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Energy Storage
• Batteries Electrochemical
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Energy Storage
• Batteries Electrochemical • Alcohol / oil Chemical / Molecular
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Energy Storage
• Batteries Electrochemical • Alcohol / oil Chemical / Molecular• Steam / compressed air Pressure
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Energy Storage
• Batteries Electrochemical • Alcohol / oil Chemical / Molecular• Steam / compressed air Pressure• Carbon Molecular
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Energy Storage
• Batteries Electrochemical • Alcohol / oil Chemical / Molecular• Steam / compressed air Pressure• Carbon Molecular• Flywheel Kinetic
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BatteriesNiFe• Very long life• Superior
discharge• Expensive
Lead-Acid• Cheap• High energy
density• Short life
LiFePO4• High energy
density• Light-weight• Expensive
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Common Alternative Technologies
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Common Alternative Technologies
• Solar panels (photovoltaics)
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Common Alternative Technologies
• Solar panels (photovoltaics)• Wind turbines
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Common Alternative Technologies
• Solar panels (photovoltaics)• Wind turbines• Micro hydro
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Common Alternative Technologies
• Solar panels (photovoltaics)• Wind turbines• Micro hydro• Steam (Combustion | CST)
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Common Alternative Technologies
• Solar panels (photovoltaics)• Wind turbines• Micro hydro• Steam (Combustion | CST)• Anaerobic digestion (bio gas)
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Common Alternative Technologies
• Solar panels (photovoltaics)• Wind turbines• Micro hydro• Steam (Combustion | CST)• Anaerobic digestion (bio gas)• Gasification (biomass or charcoal)
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Common Alternative Technologies
• Solar panels (photovoltaics)• Wind turbines• Micro hydro• Steam (Combustion | CST)• Anaerobic digestion (bio gas)• Gasification (biomass or charcoal)• Ethanol
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Common Alternative Technologies
• Solar panels (photovoltaics)• Wind turbines• Micro hydro• Steam (Combustion | CST)• Anaerobic digestion (bio gas)• Gasification (biomass or charcoal)• Ethanol• Bio-diesel | SVO | WVO
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Solar PV
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Solar PV
• Photons excite electrons into becoming charge carriers for an electric current via semi-conducting materials.
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Solar PV
• Solar Energy Direct current electricity• 1.36 kW per square meter solar potential• Extremely efficient at 12-20% (38.5% Sharp)– Photosynthetic efficiency of sugar cane: .38%– 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Some additional equipment may be needed– Inverter needed for AC power– Charge controller needed for charging batteries
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Solar PV
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Solar PV
Advantages• Very Renewable• Very low maintenance• Not dependent on a
generator• Longevity (30+ years?)…
No moving parts• Quiet
Disadvantages• Sunlight needed• Expensive (now)• Additional equipment
needed• Not a storage of energy• High performance with
dual-axis tilting is expensive
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Wind Turbines
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Wind Turbines
• Converts kinetic energy from the wind into electrical power
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Wind Turbines
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Wind Turbines
Advantages• Freely captured• Zero emissions• Cost effective• Low impact*
Disadvantages• Not predictable• Can be noisy• Not a storage of energy• Turbine blades may harm
wildlife
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Micro Hydro
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Micro Hydro
• Converts kinetic energy from flowing water into electrical power
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Micro Hydro
Advantages• Freely captured• Zero emissions• No fuel reservoir required• Not as sporadic as wind
Disadvantages• Not a storage of energy• May be seasonally affected• Distance from site• Energy expansion not
possible
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Steam
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Steam
• A heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid
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Steam
• 200 BC: mechanical motion but impractical• 1606: Ayanz y Beaumont patented the first
steam engine• 1712: Newcomen's atmospheric engine was
first true steam engine• 1781: James Watt produced continuous rotary
motion• 1883: 10,000 hp had become feasible
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Steam
Advantages• Less wear and tear vs. ICE• Can be used as CHP• Any form of biomass or
solar radiation can be used• Massive energy when
compressed
Disadvantages• Very slow start• Lower efficiency• Higher start up cost• Can be very dangerous*
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Ethanol
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Ethanol
• Microbial fermentation, distillation, and dehydration process to produce alcohol fuel.
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Ethanol
Advantages• Renewable• High energy storage• Works on nearly any
modern gas engine• Clean gas*• Carbon neutral*
Disadvantages• Preparation time• Low storage longevity
(hygroscopic)• Large land area needed for
feedstock (usually)
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Biodiesel / SVO / WVO
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Biodiesel / SVO / WVO
• Biodiesel is made by chemically reacting lipids with alcohol producing fatty acid esters
• WVO is atomized for direct combustion
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Biodiesel / SVO / WVO
Advantages• Renewable• High energy storage• Can be repurposed from
food industry (WVO)
Disadvantages• Preparation time• Large land area needed for
feedstock (usually)• It takes energy to make
biodiesel• Thickens in cold weather
(SVO and WVO)
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Anaerobic Digestion (Biogas)
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Anaerobic Digestion (Biogas)
• Microbial process of breaking down organic material in an oxygen-starved environment to produce methane.
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Anaerobic Digestion (Biogas)
• Performs best at 85-95 °F (30-35 °C)• C/N ratio 25:1• Water is 90% by weight• pH 7-8.5• CH4 60-70%• CO2, H2S, N2, CO, trace hydrocarbons
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Anaerobic Digestion (Biogas)
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Anaerobic Digestion (Biogas)
Advantages• Renewable• Steady production of gas
from biomass waste• Accessible technology• Powerful gas• Clean gas (no smoke)• Spent effluent is a great
fertilizer
Disadvantages• Limited storage of energy• Production drastically
slows in cold climates• Some corrosive elements• Low portability
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Gasification
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Gasification
• The production of synthesis gas from biomass
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Gasification
• Ideal for woody biomass• Some biomass gasifiers can run on pellets• Charcoal gasifiers can use the pyrolyzed
version of any dense biomass (i.e. wood or pellets)
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Gasification
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Gasification
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Gasification
Advantages• Renewable• High storage of energy
(C type)• Massive power availability• Clean gas• Can be used as a catalyst• Wood or pellets • High Portability
Disadvantages• Feedstock preparation• Tar (biomass type)• Char dust (charcoal type)
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Simple Biomes
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Are Really Complex Biomes
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Context (HM)
• House / condo• Homestead• Large farm / ranch• Remote village / community• Intentional community• Transition town / suburb• Country / region
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Energy Context (HM)
• What is the objective?• Who are the stakeholders?• What are the energy needs?• Energy type? Electrical, mechanical, CHP?• How critical? Cold room failure, fish pond, etc.• Force Majeure / Act of God ?• Diversification / Back-up / Community?• CHP… Do you need heat AND power?
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Example #1: Jackman, Maine
Questionable Plan• Solar Panels• WVO• Biogas
Solid Plan• Gasification• Wind Turbine• Micro hydro
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Example #2: Yuma, Arizona
Questionable Plan• Gasification• Wind Turbine• Micro hydro
Solid Plan• Solar Panels• WVO*• Biogas
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Find & Use Superior Genetics
• Black locust • Algae• Sugar palm• Bamboo• Leucaena• Switch grass• Cattails
• Elephant grass• Paulownia• Hybrid willow• poplar• Honey locust• Miscanthus• Hemp
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EROEI
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Stacking Functions (Ben Falk)
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Stacking Functions (Ben Falk)
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Stacking Functions (Ben Falk)
• Biogas digester inside house (thermal mass)• Gas collection outside (colder = denser)• Rocket mass heater style retort / stove … Get
all the heat + charcoal for power• Hydronic heating from generator tailpipe
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Key Points
• Reduce excess energy usage if possible (be Nigerian)• Leverage man, animal, and nature power• Reduce energy transfer (DC AC) & line distances• Know your climate & biome (biomimic) and take
what Mother Nature is giving you• Have a realistic energy context (surplus)• EROEI Time horizon• Stack Functions as much as possible
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“An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.”
—Benjamin Franklin