Download - American Expatriates in Tokyo and Their Celebration of Holiday

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【Research Materials】

American Expatriates in Tokyo and Their Celebration of Holiday

東京におけるアメリカ人移民の祝日の祝い方

YAMAMOTOTakayuki（山本　貴之）

［ Abstract］Much literatureaimstocapture thecomplexrealitiesofmigrantexperiences in theageofglobalization.Similarly,issuessurroundingmigrantsfromtheGlobalNorthhavegainedincreasingacademicattentionfromscholarsofinternationalmigration.However,migrants’ culturalpractices in theirhostingcountrieshavescarcelybeenexplored,despitethefactthattheymirrorcrucialaspectsofglobalization.Inthegivencontext,thispaperintroducesmypreliminaryresearchonhowAmericanexpatriatescelebratedifferentholidays inTokyo,exploringthepointsofdiscussionthattheirholidaymakingsbringup.Amongavarietyofholidaysreferencedbyinformants,thispapersinglesouttheirpracticesonThanksgivingDayandHalloween, since theyproducesignificantpointsofdiscussionsurroundingthe locationof,peopleattending, foodof,andviewson the holidays after expatriation. Contradicting a traditional assumption thatmigrantsformethnic/nationalcommunitiesinhostingsocieties,theinformantsforthisprojecttoldstoriesof theirholidaymakingswhichexemplifythemuchmorecomplexrealitiesoftheirculturalpractices inTokyo.Thefirsthalfofthispaper isdevotedtooutliningexistingknowledgeontheresearchtopicandintroducesaresearchquestionandmethod.The latterhalf introduces findingsof theresearchanddiscusseshowexpatriationaffectsmigrants’holidaypractices.

［ Table of Contents］1. Introduction2. LiteratureReview3. DescriptionofResearch4. DataandMethod5. Findings

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AmericanExpatriatesinTokyoandTheirCelebrationofHoliday

Halloween

Location

People

Food

Views

Thanksgiving　Day

Location

People

Food

Views

6. Discussion7. ConclusionAppendixReferences

1 . Introduction

Muchliteratureaimstocapturethecomplexrealitiesofmigrantexperiencesintheageofglobalization.Similarly, issuessurroundingmigrants fromtheGlobalNorthhavegained increasingacademicattention fromscholarsof internationalmigration.However,migrants’culturalpracticesinhostingcountrieshavescarcelybeenexplored,despitethefactthattheymirrorcrucialaspectsofglobalization.Inparticular,thelivesofAmericanexpatriates in Japanremainuntold, though theycomprise the largestmigrantpopulation fromtheGlobalNorth inJapan. In thegivencontext, thispaperstudieshowAmericanexpatriatescelebratedifferentholidays1） inTokyo,exploringwhatkindofpointsofdiscussiontheirholidaymakingsbringup.Thefirsthalfof thepaperisdevotedtoprovidinganoverviewofexistingliteraturerelatedtotheresearchtopic,adescriptionof thisresearch,andanexplanationofapplieddatacollectionandmethods.The secondhalf reports findingsanddiscusses some issues thatemergefromtheresearch.Sincethisprojectwasconductedasapreliminaryresearchformydissertation,thispaperconcludesbyreferringtopossiblefurtherresearchtopics.

2 . Literature Review

Traditionalpatternsofmigrationareoftenassociatedwithglobaleconomicinequalities. Scholars ofmigrationhave longbeenexplaining themwithpush/pullmodels,stressingthatbothsevereeconomicconditionsinsendingcountriesandlabor

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shortage issues inhostingcountriesgenerateamomentumof internationalpopulationmovements.Fromthisperspective, internationalmigration isoftenpicturedas themovement fromtheSouthtotheNorth,or fromtheEast totheWest.However, thecontemporaryworldcharacterizedbytheglobalizationofgoods,people,andinformationhasdiversified the realityof internationalmigration.Someacademicattentionhasthusbeengiven to less traditionalmigratorypatterns,which include“high-skilled,marriage,student,orevenwhathasbeenrecentlycalled‘white’migrations”(Debnar,2016,p.2).Thesediscussionsofcontemporarymigrationcanbeframedwithanotionof‘transnationalism’.Asopposed to internationalperspectives,whichpresumethatmigrantsusuallystayinhostingcountries,transnationalperspectivesassumethatback-and-forthmovementsbetweenmultiplecountrieswouldaidsomeindividualsincreatingmultiplenetworks. Inthatrespect,asYeoh (2018)argues,globalcitiesaresignificantlocations forobserving themultiplicityofdiversitieswhich transnationalmigrationentails.Forinstance,highly-mobilepeople,inhopesoffurthermovingupwardsintheircareers,canalsoberegardedasmigrants,inwhichcasemigrationisadeliberateaction(Anno&Wank2007)2）.

These‘privileged’migrants,despiteavarietyofmotives inmigration, aresometimes labeledas‘expatriates’ (Croucher,2012),oftenconnotingthestereotypicalimage ofwhitebusinessmen from theWest.Thatbeing said, the field of criticalexpatriatestudieshascontributedmuchmoreprecisedescriptionsofactualexpatriateexperiences to the existingknowledge.AsFarrer (2018) overviews, research onexpatriates—which initially focusedonaspectsof theirpsychologicaladaptations toworking environments inAsianhosting countries—currently covers other issues,rangingfromgendersandwhitenessas‘springs’ofbothprivilegeandmarginalizationto the existence of economically unstable expatriates seeking stable positionsunavailablewithin in theirhomecountries.Withan increase innumbersof lifestyleandself-initiatedmigrants,themultiplerealitiesofexpatriateshavebeenintroducedinacademia,castingdoubtonthepriorone-dimensionalunderstandingofexpatriates.Also,insteadof recognizing the termasaclassificationof individuals,Kunz (2016) ratherunderstands‘expatriates’todenotesocialpractices. Inasimilarvein,Farrer furtherarguesthat“one is not‘anexpatriate’byvirtueofbeingacertaintypeofpersonbutrather learns tobe anexpatriatethroughsocialization intoanexpatriatecommunitywithitscollectivepracticesandoutlooks”(Farrer,2018,p.197).

Whileissuescenteringontheseexpatriateshaveattractedmuchattentionfromscholars,theamountofacademic literatureonthemisfarfromsufficient.Specifically,there isa lackofsociological inquiry into thegroup-makingofexpatriates, includingtheircelebrationofholidaysandfestivals.AlthoughDurkheim’scanonicalwork(1995)hasproven the importanceof ritualisticcollectivegatherings inestablishingsocial

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identities,heseemstopresumethattheexistenceofsocietiesistakenforgranted.Thatis,while theritualizationofholidaysand festivalscanbeseenasaremembranceofpreexistingcommunitiesandconsolidationofcollective identities, itshouldalsoentailthegenerationofanewsenseof‘us’.This ringsespecially true in today’shighlyglobalizedworld,whereinanunprecedentedlevelofcultural,social,andpoliticalmixingisevident,aphenomenonthathasbeensociologicallyconceptualizedas‘super-diversity’(Vertovec,2007).Infact,migrationstudieshaveconventionallytreatedmigrantsasanethnically-orientedgroupofpeople,assumingthattheyformethniccommunitiesinhostcountries,andsuchviewshavebeencriticizedbysomescholars.AsWimmer (2009)notes,“thecomparativeliteratureonethnicityalertsustothepossibilitythatmembersofanethnicgroupmightnotshareaspecificculture(eveniftheymarktheboundarywith certain cultural diacritica),mightnotprivilegeeachother in their everydaynetworkingpracticeandthusnotforma‘community’”(Wimmer,2009,p.252).

3 . Description of Research

The brief overview of the related literature above leads to a necessityof researchonexpatriates’ gatherings, since they reflect avarietyof social factscharacterizingcontemporaryissuesofmigration.Inthatrespect,thisprojectexploredhowAmerican expatriates inTokyo celebrateholidays.A rationale for samplingAmericanexpatriatesinTokyoliesinthefactthat,intermsofinternationalmigrantsfromtheGlobalNorth,3）theyformthebiggestpopulationinJapan.Sincethemajorityof themreside inTokyo, (AmericanResidents in Japan2019) they are thereforeapproachable informants.Theobjective of this research isnot to test theories ofacculturation/deculturationofmigrants,applyingpositivistapproaches;rather, it is toexplorethemultiplerealitiesoftheirholidayexperiencesinTokyoandtoexpandtherepertoireoftheoriesofexpatriation.

4 . Data and Method

Based on the idea of constructionism,which perceives social realities assubjective,situational,andculturallyvariableconstructs,thestudyemployedqualitativeinterviewingasitscoremethodandparticipantobservationasasupplementalmethodofdatacollection, aiming toproduce theories.Hence, theprojectwasalsobasedongroundedtheory (Strauss,1987).Followingastyleofgrounded-theory-basedresearchintroducedbyWeiss (1995), three informantswererecruited (agerange:44-70, twofemalesandonemale);oneof themrecruitedthroughconveniencesampling,andtheother two through theoretical sampling.All of themarecollegegraduates (twoof

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themholdingPh.D.degrees). Informedconsentwasverballyobtained fromall threeinformants, andeach interview lastedapproximatelyanhour.Due to the surge inCovid-19cases,allof the interviewswereconductedonlineusingZOOM.Since thisprojectwasexploratoryresearch,itfollowedasemi-structuredinterviewguideinhopesofobtainingafullerdescriptionoftheirholidayexperiences,aswellasframingpotentialquestionsforfurtherresearch.Theinterviewguideforthisresearchcoveredfivemajoraspectsas follows; (1)whatholidays informantscelebrate inTokyo, (2)where theycelebratetheseholidays, (3)whotheycelebratetheholidayswith, (4)what foodtheyhavefortheholidays,and (5) theirviewsofholidaycelebrations.Datacollectedfromthefirstinformantwasanalyzedthroughstepsofcategorical,general,andintegrativecodingprocesses.

5 . Findings

TheFourth of July,Halloween,ThanksgivingDay,Christmas,Obon, andShogatsuwereholidayscelebratedbythe informants,andeach interviewreflectedauniqueeffectofexpatriationontheirholidaycelebration.SincetheinterviewsresultedindiscussionsprimarilyaboutHalloweenandThanksgivingDay, thispapersinglesthemoutandexploresseveralthemescorrelatedwithissuesof locations, people, food,and views oftheholidays,withreferencestoexcerptsfromtheinterviews.

HalloweenLocationOne female informant—who ishighly-mobileandhas lived inseveralmajorcities inAsia,Africa,andOceania—madementionoftheexistenceofforeignareas.HerannualHalloweencelebrationusedtotakeplaceinAzabuJuban,whichisknownasanareaofdenseforeignpopulation.Recently,shehasbeenholdingacommunity-orientedtrick-or-treatinginherneighborhoodinYokohama. PeopleInterestinglyenough,despitetheabundanceof foreigners intheseareas,shestressedthat thereare“notsomanyAmericans.Actually,mostof thepeople thatcomeareJapanese.Ourneighbors are Japanese, local, local Japanese.They also celebrateHalloween.Andtheyalsohavethedecorationsatthehouseandthetablewithcandybecause theyknow this area.All the foreignpeople comehere to trickor treat”(Interview3). FoodAlthoughdoughnutsarenottypicallyanimportantfoodduringHalloween,theyareofgreatsignificanceforoneinformant,reminiscentofhermother’shomemadedoughnuts

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thatsheusedtohaveduringchildhood.ShedoesnotcookthemherselfbutbuysthematKrispyKreme.ShealsobuyscandiesforHalloweenatthenearestCostco.AnotherinternationalfoodmarketcalledNationalAzabu,aswellastheonlineshoppingwebsiteAmazon,werereferredtointheinterview.ViewForoneinformant,whogaveupbeingaMormonwhenshelefttheU.S.about20yearsago,Halloweenhasaspecialmeaning, since“it’snotaChristianholiday. It’snotareligiousholiday.Andit’snotapatrioticholiday.IthasnothingtodowithAmerica.It’satraditionthat,itisaneutraltradition”(Interview3).TheinformantrarelycelebratesThanksgivingandChristmasandtriestocelebratethe‘secularpart’ofthemonsuchoccasions.

Thanksgiving DayLocationOne of the remarkable indications regarding locations of holidays is that,whilesometimestheycelebrateThanksgivingathome, twoof the informantshighlightedaparticularrestaurantcalledthePinkCowasasignificantlocationfortheholiday.Therestaurant iscurrently located inAkasaka.Theyalso indicatedthat therearea fewotherrestaurantsinTokyowhichfeatureThanksgivingdinner.PeopleTwoof the informantsexplainedhow thecelebrationofThanksgiving is a friend-orientedevent.For them, althoughoriginally celebratedwithAmericans residinginTokyo, theThanksgivingcelebration increasingly includeddiverseparticipants,regardlessofnationalities.OneinformantwhousuallyhoststheThanksgivinggatheringexplainedthatshe“started invitingotherpeople,andthen inthepast, Idon’tknow,maybe10yearsago, it endedupbeingmorepeoplewhoarenotAmericans thanAmericans,simplybecause,youknow, theAmericansIknewherewerehaving,youknow,theirowncelebrationorpeoplethatIdidn’t,youknow,seealot”(Interview2). FoodFood is an important aspect of theThanksgiving celebration.Two informantsemphasized that thePinkCowfeaturesa traditionalThanksgivingdinner,althoughoneof themstill recognizesaminordifference inhow it isservedandtastes,noting“thePinkCowdoesthatstuff[traditionalThanksgivingdinner]althoughI’msurethatthePinkCowisnotdoingawholeturkey.Whatcomesoutwhenthey’reserving isliketurkeymeat, that’sbeenpre-prepared,pre-sliced,andstuff likethat.Thetaste issignificantlydifferent fromthewholeturkey. It tastes like frozenfood” (Interview1).Also,another informantmentionedKyle’sGoodFinds,acakeshop inNakano,whichalso featuresatake-outstyleThanksgivingdinner.Like intheHalloweencelebration,

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international foodmarkets also play a pivotal role in expatriates’ celebration ofThanksgiving,especiallyathome,sincetheyprovideawidevarietyofchoicesoffood.ViewsInterestingly enough, all the informants expressed negative perspectives onThanksgivingDay,especiallywhentheytalkedabouthowtheholidayusuallyprovidesaspace forargumentsand family tension in theU.S.One informantexpressedhowherchildhoodmemoriesoftheholidayareunhappybecauseofdomestictroublesandfamilyquarrels,which iswhyshestoppedcelebrating it inJapan.Another informantalsoremarkedthat theholidayhasbecomeunimportantoveryearsof livingoutsidetheU.S.Althoughhehasbeencelebrating theholiday for severalyearsnow, it islargelybecauseofthefactthathisbosomfriendorganizesthegathering,implyingtheunimportanceoftheholidayitself.Onthecontrary,whilesharingnegativesentimentstowardsThanksgivingDaywith theother two,one informantemphasizedhowtheholidayhasbecome increasingly important.Sheexplained that themeaningof theholidayshiftedovertheyears,fromgivingthanks,torichharvest,togeneralgratitudeforpeoplewhohavetakencareofher.

6 . Discussion

Althoughroughlydivided into fourcategories, the findingsaboveare in factquitecomplexly intertwinedwitheachotherandhelpusrecognize importantpointsofdiscussion.First, thesignificanceofaparticularrestaurantasa locationofholidaycelebrationcertainlyreflectshowsomeholidaysaredisembedded fromlocalcontextsand reembedded in different locations (Giddens, 1990).As forThanksgivingcelebration, theshiftof the locationfromhometorestaurantsstems fromseveral facts, suchas thedifficultyofbuyingturkeymeat inJapanandthefactthatJapaneseovensdonot“fittheturkey”(Interview3). Yet another factorworthy of attention is the linebetween‘homefor family’and‘restaurants for friends’.That is,asone informantstressed,“SomeAmericans likeJim,his family ishere,youknow,sowhenhecelebratesThanksgivingwithhis family,hewouldn’tbeacandidatefor thePinkCow (Interview2)”.Thecelebrationat therestaurantexemplifieshowexpatriates livingapart fromfamilyhold theholidaygathering inTokyo, invitingnotonlyAmericans,but Japaneseparticipantsaswell.Thischallenges thepopular assumption thatmigrants often

Picture 1 taken by Takayuki Yamamoto on July 14, 2020.TheTurkeyBento from theKyle’sGoodFindsinNakano.

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establishethnically-orientedcommunities. Italsoresonateswithanother informant’scelebration ofHalloween,which takesplace inher local foreignneighborhood inYokohamabut involves a considerable number of Japanese participants.Theseinstancessuggest thatexpatriatesholdingthesegatheringshavean impactofsomeextentuponhowlocalpeoplelivetheirlives,establishingauniquecommunity.

Thatbeingsaid,thequestionofwhethersuchacommunityis‘purely’friends-orientedremains.Thefollowingexcerptimpliesthattheboundarylinebetweenfamilyandfriendsisblurringtosomeextent:

InJapan,it[ThanksgivingDay]tookonanextrameaningof“Oh,thisisatimeforfamily,anditis,foralotofus,atimeforexploringnewconceptsoffamily,youknow,seeingourdeepfriendshipsasfamily.(Interview2)

Ostensibly, this servesasanexampleof fictivekinship,asopposed to‘realkinship’based onblood ties.However, such a conclusionmight invite criticism,sinceanthropological research intokinshiphascastdoubton theassumption thatgenealogicalcorrelationisapivotalfactorindefiningafamily(Schneider,1984).Inthatsense,theinformant’ssubjectiverecognitionofchangesinthemeaningoffamilyshouldbeunderstoodasanexampleofhowthemeaningofeachholidayisdeconstructedand

reinterpreted through theprocessofexpatriationandeverydaylifeinone’shostingsociety.

Food for the holidays, as the take-out styleThanksgiving dinner suggests, ismanifested as alocalized dish to some extent (Picture 1). Similarly,one informant notes,“I think, once I celebrated[Thanksgiving]withaJapanesefamily.Theyinvitedmeandyouknow...atChristmas...chicken legs” (Interview1).WhathemeanthereisthatthattheJapanesefamilyserved chicken legs for ThanksgivingDay,whichareusually servedatChristmas in Japan, evidencinglocalizedholiday celebrations.At the same time, thereferences to transnational corporations and storesofAmerican companies such asCostco andAmazonimplythat theeconomicglobalizationandtechnologicaldevelopment of food products transportation havefacilitated expatriates’ reproduction of‘authentic’holidayexperienceswithaparticular food. It isworthnoting thatwhile somerestaurantsandsupermarkets

Picture 2 taken by Takayuki Yamamoto on July 11, 2020.TheQualityFoodMarketSakagaminear Kiyose Station. Althoughthe large variety of food at theSakagami resembles genera linternationalfoodmarkets,itisalsoahigh-endgrocerystore.

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are located inMinatoWard—traditionallytheheartof international living inTokyo—someotherplacesincludingtheKyle’sGoodFindsandasupermarketcalledSakagami(Picture 2) arenot necessarily located in such foreign areas.This indicates thatexpatriatesarenotalwaysconcentratedin‘environmentalbubbles’(Farrer,2018).

Finally,theviewsofeachholidayrevealhowtheinformantsrecognizecertainobligationsattachedto them.Forexample, in thecaseof theex-Mormon informant,ThanksgivingDayisinterpretedasasubstantiallygendered,religiousholiday,towardswhichsheexpressedherrevulsion.Contrarily,HalloweenrepresentsThanksgiving’smuchhappier counterpart, to her representing cultural neutrality.This instancehighlightshowholidaysare framedbybothnationalandculturalaspects.Anotherpointofdiscussionwhicharises fromthese interviews is tensionamongexpatriates.One informant labeledexpatriatesasspoiledpeopleandusually“stayedaway fromtheAzabuJubanareabecausewedidn’twanttobewiththe foreigners” (Interview3).ThisisalsorelatedtoherappreciationofherannualHalloweencelebration,duringwhichsheobservesagoodmixofparticipants.Resonatingwiththeotherinformant’scelebrationofThanksgivingDayatthePinkCow,acentralmeaningofholidaymakingforherisnotthemaintenanceofherreligiousandnationalidentity,butinteractionwithlocals.

7 . Conclusion

It is interesting to seehowexpatriationpulls someholidays out fromparticulartimeframes likenationalcalendars,weakening‘day-off’aspectsof theseholidaysandinturnstrengtheningtheir functionascommunitygatherings. Inthesamevein, thisexploratoryresearch illustratesthe impactofexpatriatesupon locals,creatinguniquecommunitiesandcontradictingthepopularassumptionthatmigrants formethnically-orientedcommunities inhostingcountries.Thatbeing said, the limitednumberofsampleswithrelativelyhighsocialstatus is far fromsufficient,andquestionsofclassaspectsremainunanswered.MigrantsfromWesterncountriestodaydonotalwaysfitintothecategoryofprivilegedmigrants.Rather,someofthemaremiddlingmigrants(Lehmann,2014)whoseeconomicandsocialstatusesdonotrepresentthoseofglobalelites.Basedon thispreliminaryproject, further researchshould focusonmiddlingmigrantsfromtheU.S.andtheirholidaypracticesinTokyotomoredeeplyunderstandmigrationintheglobalage.

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Appendix

General Information About InformantsInformant1- Gender:male- Age:65- From:SaintPaul,Minnesota- Occupation:universityprofessor- Educationalbackground:holdingaPhDdegree- Recruitment:convenientsampling

Informant2- Gender:female- Age:70- From:SanBernardino,California- Occupation:Aikidolecturer,retirededitorandprofessor- Educationalbackground:holdingaPhDdegree- Recruitment:snowballsampling

Informant3- Gender:female- Age:44- From:SaltLakeCity,Utah- Occupation:Housewife(MAstudent)- Educationalbackground:havingacollegedegree- Recruitment:snowballsampling

References

AmericanResidents in Japan. (2019, December 3). Retrieved December 7, 2019, from

https://stats-japan.com/t/kiji/11634.Anno, T. , &Wank, D. (2007 ) . Sei j igaku shakaigaku j inruigaku ni okerutoransunashonarizumunoshikaku.In Gurobarushakainodainamizumu:Rirontotenbo (pp.28–58).JochiDaigakuShuppan.

Croucher,S.(2012).Privilegedmobilityinanageofglobality. Societies, 2(1),1-13.Debnár,M. (2016). Migration,Whiteness,and cosmopolitanism.NewYork:Palgrave

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Macmillan.Durkheim,E. (1995).TheElementaryFormsofReligiousLife. Trans.KarenE.Fields.

NewYork:FreePress.Falassi,A.(1987).Festival:Definitionandmorphology. TimeoutofTime:Essaysonthe

Festival,1-10.Farrer,J.(2018).ChangingexpatriatecommunitiesinAsiaandtheblurringboundaries

ofexpatriateidentity. RoutledgeHandbookofAsianMigrations.Fouron,G.E.,&Schiller,N.C.(2001).TheGenerationofIdentity:RedefiningtheSecondGeneration. Migration,transnationalization,andraceinachangingNewYork,58.

Giddens,A.(1990). Theconsequencesofmodernity.Cambridge:PolityPress.Kunz, S. (2016) . Privilegedmobilities: Locating the expatriate inmigrationscholarship. GeographyCompass, 10(3),89-101.

Lehmann,A. (2014). Transnational lives inChina:Expatriates inaglobalizingcity.Springer.

Rusu,M.S.,&Kantola,I.(2016).Atimeofmeta-celebration:Celebratingthesociologyofcelebration. JournalofComparativeResearchinAnthropologyandSociology, 7(1),1.

Schneider,D.M. (1984). ACritiqueof theStudyofKinship.UniversityofMichiganPress.

Strauss,A.L. (1987). Qualitativeanalysis forsocialscientists.CambridgeUniversityPress.

Vertovec,S.(2007).Super-diversityanditsimplications. Ethnicandracialstudies, 30(6),1024-1054.Weiss,R.S.(1995). Learningfromstrangers:Theartandmethodofqualitativeinterview

studies.SimonandSchuster.Wimmer,A.(2009).Herder’sheritageandtheboundary ‐ makingapproach:Studyingethnicityinimmigrantsocieties. Sociologicaltheory, 27(3),244-270.

Yeoh,B.S.(2018).Transnationalmigrationsandpluraldiversities:Encountersinglobalcities.In RoutledgehandbookofAsianmigrations (pp.238-249).Routledge.

〔注〕1 ）The linebetweenholidaysandfestivals isoftenblurred,butthispapersupposesthatholidayscanbeconceptualizedastemporal frameworksofcelebration,whilefestivalscanbedefinedas“periodicallyrecurrent,socialoccasionsin…amultiplicityofformsandaseriesofcoordinatedevents”(Falassi1987,2).See(Rusu&Kantola2016)formoreaboutthedefinitions.

2 ）This isnot tosay thatmigrantswitheconomicvulnerabilitydonot fit into thecategory of transnationalmigrants; for instance,migrants settling inhosting

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countries and sending remittances to their home canbe seen as individualsbelonging tomultiple locationsandmakingeconomicandculturalcontributionstobothcountries’ societies.Akeyaspectof the transnationalapproach is thatit recognizes continuing economic, social, andpolitical relationshipsbetweenmigrantsandtheirhomecountries.See(Fouron&Schiller,2001)formoreaboutitsdefinition.

3 ）Thispaperapplies the ideaof theGlobalNorth insteadof theWest, since it isdebatablewhetherAmericanexpatriatescanbedescribedasbeingfromtheWest.Asimilartypological　dilemmaalsopresents itself inothercountriessuchastheUnitedKingdom.

要旨

近年、移民研究においてはグローバル化時代の移民の複雑な現状をとらえるために、グローバル・ノースからの移民に関して注目が集まっている。しかし、彼女ら彼らの文化実践については、それがグローバル化の重要な側面を反映するにもかかわらず学術的な関心が寄せられていない。この問題意識のもと、本稿は東京におけるアメリカ人移民の祝祭日の祝い方について筆者が行った探索的研究の結果を報告し、研究を通して立ち上がった論点について議論する。具体的には、本研究に参加したインフォーマントが言及した複数の祝祭日のうち感謝祭とハロウィーンに注目し、それら二つに関わる場所、人、食、移住後のインフォーマントの考え方について考察する。国際移民が移住先で民族／国家に基づくコミュニティを形成するという移民研究において支配的な仮説に反し、本研究のインフォーマントは東京における複雑化した文化実践を体現している。本稿の前半では先行研究のレビュー、研究の目的、方法について説明する。後半では、研究結果の報告と、国際移住が祝祭日の祝い方に与える影響について議論する。

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