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AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY
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• Every nation has a foreign policy---a systematic & general plan that guides the nation’s attitudes & actions toward the rest of the world.
• Deals w/many different topics; diplomatic, military, commercial, & others.
• Involves such matters as treaties & alliances, international trade, the defense budget, foreign economic & military aid, the United Nations, & nuclear weapons testing.
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• Basic purpose of American Foreign Policy has always been to protect the national security of the U.S.
• National Security—Refers to the nation’s independence & freedom from unwanted interference, threat, or takeover by other nations.
• Defense Policy---Protecting the nation through military preparedness.
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• Nation’s founders believed in isolationism---avoiding political involvement with other nations.
• The U.S. tried to stay out of other nations’ conflicts, particularly European Wars.
• Washington urged Americans “to steer clear of permanent alliances w/any portion of the foreign world.”
• Jefferson later echoed this: “Peace, commerce, & honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances w/none.”
• Americans changed their minds in the 1820’s.
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• 1823, President Monroe proclaimed what has become known as the Monroe Doctrine.
• Stated that the U.S. would not accept foreign intervention in the Western Hemisphere.
• Declared that the U.S. would look on “any attempt on the part of other nations to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace & security.”
• In return, the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs.
• Interventionism—Direct involvement in foreign affairs.
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State & Defense Department
• State Department is headed by the Secretary of State.
• President looks for advice in both the formulation & conduct of the nation’s foreign policy.
• Secretary of State is the highest ranking official in the cabinet.
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Foreign Service
• Under international law every nation has the right to legation---the right to send & receive diplomatic representatives.
• Ben Franklin was the 1st American (France, 1778.)• Ambassadors---A personal representative
appointed by the head of a nation to represent that nation in matters of diplomacy.
• Ambassadors are stationed at the capital of each nation the U.S. recognizes.
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• Personal representative of the President, & he/she reports to the President through the Secretary of State.
• Embassy---The office of an ambassador to a foreign nation.
• An embassy staff usually includes political, military, & economic aides.
• An American consulate is an official who is assigned to promote American business interests in foreign cities.
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• The consul & his/her staff handle questions & problems about business requirements, transportation, & interpretation of foreign laws.
• Must keep the President fully informed of events in the host country, negotiate diplomatic agreements, & do whatever else in the best interests of the U.S.
• Must know the language, history, customs & culture.
• Ambassadors are regularly granted diplomatic immunity.
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• Diplomatic Immunity—Are not subject to the laws of the state to which they are accredited. Cannot be arrested, sued or taxed.
• The mistreatment of diplomats is a major breach to international law.
• Secretary of Defense
1. Acts as the President’s chief aide & advisor in making & carrying out defense policy.
2. Acts as operating head of the Defense Department.
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• There are three military departments within the Department of Defense: Army, Navy, & Air Force.
• Marine Corps, which is under the jurisdiction of the Navy, maintains its own leadership & identity.
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Selective Service System
• Two methods are used to recruit citizens into the armed services.
1. Volunteer enlistment. Any person who has a high school diploma may choose to enlist after fulfilling the requirements.
2. Draft—Signing up for the selective service. The selection of persons for compulsory military duty.Draft was used from 1940-1973.
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CIA
• The Central Intelligence Agency• Created in 1947.• Works under the National Security Council.• Three major tasks:• 1. To coordinate the information gathering
activities of all State, Defense, & other federal agencies involved in the areas of foreign affairs & national defense.
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• 2. To analyze & evaluate all data collected by those agencies.
• 3. To brief the President & NSC.• CIA conducts worldwide intelligence operations.• Espionage—Spying• Much of work in secret---budget is disguised.• THE NATIONAL SECURITY ACT OF 1947
EXPRESSLY DENIES THE CIA THE AUTHORITY TO CONDUCT INVESTIGATIONS, SURVEILLANCE , OR OTHER CLANDESTINE ACTIVITES WITHIN THE U.S.
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Department of Homeland Security
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Department of Homeland Security
• Charged w/ the task of protecting the U.S. from terrorism.
• Terrorism—The use of violence to intimidate a government or society, usually for political or ideological reasons.
• Created in 2002, operational in 2003.• Responsible for the coordination & the direction
of all antiterrorist activities of all public agencies operating in the field of domestic security.
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Prior terror attacks• 1983, Beirut, Lebanon—car bomb, 63 dead,
Islamic Jihad• 1983, Beirut, Lebanon—truck bomb, 241 marines
killed, Shiite• 1985, Mediterranean Sea—Achille Lauro, 1 killed,
linked to Libya• 1988 Lockerbie, Scotland---Pan Am 747
exploded, killing 270, linked to Libya• 1993, WTC—six killed, linked to Al-Qaeda• 1995, Oklahoma City---car bomb, 168 dead, U.S.
terrorism
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Homeland Security Act of 2002• Gives the Homeland Security Department major
operating responsibilities in five specific areas:• 1. Border & transportation security• 2. Infrastructure protection• 3. Emergency preparedness & response• 4. Chemical, biological, radiological, & nuclear
defense• 5. Information analysis
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Best Case Scenario
• 1. Most terrorists attacks will be thwarted or their impacts will at least be minimized.
• 2. Those responsible for the attacks will be rooted out and brought to justice.
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Goals of American Foreign Policy
• 1. World Peace—Staying out of wars.
• 2. Economic Prosperity---Nation must be economically strong in order to be secure. Also depends on free & open trade w/ other countries.
• 3. Human Rights---The basic privileges to which all people are naturally entitled.
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• Human Rights (Cont.)
The U.S. supports human rights by publicly criticizing human rights violations committed by other nations.
4. Democracy---Encourage democratic forms of government.
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Tools of American Foreign Policy
• 1. Diplomacy---Total process of conducting political relations with other countries, including settling differences & conflicts through peaceful means.
• *Most important.
• *Usually carried out by diplomats, but can be handled by President.
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• 2. Foreign Aid---Goes primarily to nations that support U.S. foreign policy goals.
• 3. Alliances & Pacts
Alliance—A group of nations or individuals joined together for a common purpose, which may be military, economic, or political.
Multilateral treaties---Signed by a group of several nations.
Ex.) NATO, OAS, Warsaw Pact (no longer exists)
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• 4. Trade measures• *Terms under which the U.S. trades w/other
countries.• *Economic Sanctions---Measures by which the
government withholds trade benefits, supplies, or economic aid to pressure a foreign government to cease certain activities.
• 5. Military Force• U.S. has declared war on five occasions.• When?
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American Foreign Policy: Past & Present
• * Monroe Doctrine
• * Continental Expansion. Idea of “Manifest Destiny” surfaced. Most Americans believed this nation’s “destiny” was to expand its boundaries to the Pacific Ocean.
• --*-- Annexation of Texas• --*-- Oregon country obtained• --*-- SW U.S.A. after the Mexican War
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• --*-- Gadsden Purchase• --*-- Purchasing of Alaska
• * Became a first class power in politics during the Spanish-American War in 1898.
• --*-- Philippines & Guam• --*-- Puerto Rico• --*-- Hawaii annexed.
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Good Neighbor Policy• FDR attempted to win friends in Latin & South
America.• This occurred after the “Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine” (Teddy Roosevelt)• U.S. interference was resented in the region in the
early 1900’s.• Panama Canal• Virgin Islands
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Open Door Policy-China
• Promoted equal trade access for all nations & demanded that China’s independence & sovereignty over its own territory be preserved.
• 1899• Hurt relations between U.S. & Japan• Cuts ties with China in 1949 when the
Communists took over.• U.S. did not reestablish ties fully until 1979.
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WWI & WWII
• WWI --- “to make the world safe for democracy.”
• U.S. refused to join the League of Nations
• Isolationism
• WWII---Pearl Harbor
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Foreign Policy Since 1945
• Collective Security—A system in which participating nations agree to take joint action to meet any threat to, or attack on another member.
• *Idea helped to create the U.N. in 1945.• Deterrence---Policy of making America & its
allies so strong that its very strength will deter (prevent) any attack.
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Truman Doctrine & Containment
• Cold War---Period of more than 40 years during which relations between the two superpowers were tense & often hostile.
• Greece & Turkey were in danger of falling to the communists.
• 1947, Truman requested a massive program of economic & military aid.
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• Containment—Communism, if held within its existing boundaries, would collapse under the weight of its internal weakness.
• Berlin Blockade---Split of Berlin into four sectors (Soviet, U.S., British, French.) 1948, Soviets tried to force the other nations out, with a land blockade. U.S. airlift for 1 ½ years.
• Cuban Missile Crisis• Soviet build-up by 1962• Kennedy ordered a naval blockade.
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• We would attack if missiles were not removed.• “At the brink of war.”• Soviets backed down.
• Korean War---Began in 1950.• South Korea attacked by North Korea.• War lasted three years, but peace terms never
agreed upon.• U.S./South Korea (UN) vs. North Korea/China
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• Vietnam War• Really started in 1954, not 1965.• Ended in 1975.• U.S. rescued the French & the South Vietnamese,
but sunk themselves.
• After Vietnam, the Nixon administration embarked on a policy of détente.
• Détente--- “a relaxation of tensions.”• Wanted to improve relations w/Soviet Union &
China.• Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.
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• Persian Gulf War---1991• Campaign to drive Iraq out of Kuwait.• International coalition, led by the U.S., launched
Operation Desert Storm.• War ended less than six weeks later.
• Today• Al Qaida• “Axis of Evil”----consisting of Iraq, Iran, North
Korea.
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Five times U.S. has declared war:
• Britain 1812• Mexico 1848• Spain 1898• WWI 1917• WWII 1941