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Ami Flowers Luis Candelario
2014
International Issues in Conservation
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Approximately 9600 bird species in the world
Believed to have reptilian origin (150 mya)
Jurassic periodArchaeopteryx
lithographica“Ancient wing inscribed in
stone”Largest– Ostrich at
317lbsSmallest – Scintillant
Hummingbird at 2.25 g
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6-9 ft
6.5 cm
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FEATHERS!Skeletal System
Bones hollow or thinBones fused
Skin Glands (lack of)Uropygial gland at
base of tail Waterproof feathers
Excretory SystemLack urinary bladderUric acid – highly
concentrated
Reproductive SystemOne working ovary
(left)Gonads enlarge during
breeding seasonOviparous
Digestive SystemEat high calorie foodsQuick digestion (1 hr)
Nervous SystemWell-developed brainExcellent eye sightAnosmic – reduced or
no sense of smell
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Contour FeatherForm outline of the
bodyRemiges – flight
feathersRetrices – tail feathers
SemiplumesPlumaceous – loose-
vanedLack hamuli (hooks)Under contour feathersAid in insulation and
buoyancy
FiloplumesHair-likeSmall vane at
tip or no vane
Aid in sensing
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DownSoft feathers lacking
vanesShort rachusBeneath contour feathersAid in insulation
BristlesVanelessFound around eyes,
mouth, nostrilsFor sensory and air
filtration
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AnisodactylHallux is behind and
the other three toes are in front
Passerines
ZygodactylToes arranged in
pairsTwo up front, two in
the backWoodpeckers
SyndactylThird and fourth
toes fusedKingfishers
PamprodactylAll four toes are
forwardHummingbirds
and Swifts
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PalmateFront three toes are
webbedDucks and gulls
SemipalmateAnterior of toes half-
webbedPlovers
TotipalmateAll four toes are
webbedComorants
LobateToes are lobedGrebes
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SongsLocal vocal displays
with specific repeated patterns
Species specificMainly by malesFunctions to
identify:SpeciesSexTerritoryVigor (mating)
CallsShort, simple
vocalizationsOften a single noteIntra/interspecificBoth males and
femalesVariety of functions:
WarningFeedingNestFlocking
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In Botswana and South Africa
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Order Pelicaniformes Family Ardeidae
Grey Heron
Family Ciconiidae Saddle-billed Stork
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Family ThreskiornithidaeHadeda Ibis
Family ScopidaeHammerkop
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Family CharadriidaeBlacksmith LapwingWhite-crowned LapwingThree-banded Plover
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Order AnseriformesFamily Anatidae
Egyptian Geese
Order ApodiformesFamily Apodidae
African Palm-swift
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Family AccipitridaeBateleur
African Fish Eagle
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Family AccipitridaeMartial EagleTawny EagleVerreaux’s Eagle
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Family AccipitridaeLappett-faced
VultureWhite-backed
Vulture
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Family AccipitridaeWhite-headed
VultureCape Vulture
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Lappet-faced Vulture
White-backed Vulture
White-headed Vulture
Cape Vulture
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Family StrigidaeVerreaux’s Eagle-owlSpotted Eagle-owlPel’s Fishing OwlPearl Spotted Owlet
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Family PhasianidaeCrested Francolin Natal Francolin
Swainson’s Spurfowl
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Family NumididaeHelmeted
GuineafowlCrested Guineafowl
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Order CaprimulgiformesFamily Caprimulgidae
Fiery-necked Nightjar
Order PteroclidiformesFamily Pteroclidae
Double-breasted Sandgrouse
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Family ColumbidaeAfrican Green
Pigeon
Namaqua Dove
Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove
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Family ColumbidaeCape Turtle Dove
Red-eyed Dove
Laughing Dove
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Family PsittacidaeBrown-headed ParrotGrey-headed ParrotMeyer’s Parrot
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Family MusophagidaeGrey Go-away-bird
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Family ColiidaeSpeckled MousebirdRed-faced Mousebird
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Family AlcedinidaeGiant KingfisherPied KingfisherStriped Kingfisher
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Family MeropidaeWhite-fronted Bee-eaterLittle Bee-eater
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Family CoraciidaeLilac-breasted
RollerRacket-tailed Roller
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Family UpupidaeAfrican Hoopoe
Family PhoeniculidaeGreen Wood-hoopoe
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Family BucerotidaeRed-billed Hornbill
Southern Yellow-billed Hornbill
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Family PicidaeGolden-tailed WoodpeckerCardinal WoodpeckerBearded Woodpecker
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Family LybidaeeBlack-collared
BarbetCrested Barbet
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Family BuphagidaeYellow-billed
OxpeckerRed-billed Oxpecker
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Family CisticolidaeRattling CisticolaRed-faced CisticolaGrey-backed
CamaropteraYellow-breasted
ApalisTawny-flanked
Prinia
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Family DicruridaeFork-tailed Drongo
Family MuscicapidaeSouthern Black
Flycatcher
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Family EmberizidaeCinnamon-breasted
BuntingGolden-breasted
Bunting
Family FringillidaeLemon-breasted
CanaryYellow-fronted
Canary
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Family EstrilididaeBlue WaxbillGreen-winged
Pytilia
Family SylviideBurnt-necked
EremomelaGreen-capped
Eremomela
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Family MalaconotidaeTropical BouBouBrubruBlack-backed PuffbackOrange-breasted
Bush-shrike
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Family MotacillidaeAfrican Pied Wagtail
Family PlatysteirnidaeChinspot Batis
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Family MuscicapidaeAfrican Stone ChatBearded Scrub-robinWhite-browed Scrub-
robinWhite-throated Robin-
chatWhite-browed Robin-
chat
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Family TurdidaeKurrichane Thrush
Family NectariniidaeWhite-bellied SunbirdMarico Sunbird
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Family OriolidaeBlack-headed Oriole
Family PyconotidaeDark-capped Bulbul
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Family PloceidaeRed-billed QueleaRed-billed Buffalo Weaver
Family PrionopidaeWhite-crested Helmet
ShrikeSouthern White-crowned
Shrike
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Family TimaliidaeArrow-marked
Babbler
Family SturnidaeMeve’s Starling