AN ATLAS OFCONTINUOUS COOLINGTRANSFORMATION (CCT)
DIAGRAMS APPLICABLE TOLOW CARBON LOW ALLOY
WELD METALS
AN ATLAS OFCONTINUOUS COOLINGTRANSFORMATION (CCT)
DIAGRAMS APPLICABLE TOLOW CARBON LOW ALLOY
WELD METALS
ZHUYAO ZHANG and R.A. FARRARDepartment of Mechanical Engineering
University of Southampton, U.K.,S0171BJ
THE INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS
Book 638Published 1995 by
The Institute of Materials1 Carlton House Terrace
London SW1 Y 5DB
© The Institute Materials 1995
ISBN 0901716944
Typeset, printed and bound byBourne Press LtdBournemouth, UK
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 1
I. Introduction
Since the pioneering studies on continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagramscarried out by Christenson et al:' were published almost 50 years ago, many hundredsof CCT diagrams have been constructed throughout the world to describe the y-atransformation kinetics of most grades of commercial steels. Because most of themetallurgical processes occurring in steels involve continuous cooling before thefinal microstructure is obtained, the use of CCT diagrams to present the "I-atransformation reactions has obvious practical advantaget!smpared with othermethods such as the well-known time temperature transfor tion (TTT) diagrams.
The initial CCT diagrams were constructed for wrought steels and these cannotusually be directly applied to the cooling cycles experienced in welding situations.By employing modified reaustenitising procedures, the method was applied to theweld ability of steels and consequently, several CCT diagrams applicable to the coarsegrained region of the weld heat affected zones (HAZ) were published.r" However,since mid-1970s, increasing demands for weld metals of high toughness at lowtemperatures with the appropriate microstructures has produced the requirementfor a more systematic and detailed study of transformation kinetics and mechanicalproperties of low alloy weld deposits. This resulted in a number of CCT diagramswhich were directly applicable to weld metals and these have significantly improvedour understanding of weld metal microstructural development and the effects ofdifferent factors, such as chemical composition, oxygen content (thus size distributionand population of inclusions), welding parameters (e.g. cooling rate) and prioraustenite grain size, on the "I-a transformation behaviour of weld metals."?'
It is therefore of both practical as well as academic importance to draw togetheran atlas of CCT diagrams applicable to low carbon low alloy weld metals. It is hopedthat these diagrams will be of assistance to welding engineers, welding metallurgists,welding-consumables designers in industry. At the same time, they will also proveuseful to those in academia who are involved into investigations of steel weld metalphase transformation kinetics.
2. Microstructural terminology for low carbon low alloy weld metals
The microstructural constituents commonly found in low carbon low alloy welddeposits can be classified as follows, arranged in the order of decreasingtransformation temperature-A"
(1) Primary ferrite (or polygonal ferrite);(2) Ferrite side-plates (or Widmanstatten ferrite);(3) Fine grained acicular ferrite;(4) Lath structure (lath ferrite or bainite, or lath martensite).
Within the large number of investigations, however, there has been considerableinconsistency among various classification schemes used to define the different
2 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
transformation phases. It is therefore necessary to briefly compare these differentschemes. Table 1 summarises some earlier schemes used for low carbon low alloyweld metals.
Table 1. Review of microstructural terminology used for low carbon lowalloy steel weld metals, after The Japan Welding Society" and others.
CA. Dube28H. I. Aarronson29 JapaneseR. C Cochrane30 T. G. Davey31 D. J. Abson32 Others15, 25, 26,33-41 researchersta 42-49
Allotriomorphic Proeutectoid ferrite; Grain boundary Proeutectoid ferrite; Proeutectoid ferrite;(polygonal) ferrite; ferrite; Grain boundary Grain boundary
ferrite; ferrite.Polygonal ferrite; Polygonal ferrite;Blocky ferrite;
True grain boundaryPolygonal ferrite Ferrite islands. ferrite;
Polygonal ferrite.
Primary and Lamellar component Ferrite with aligned Ferrite sideplates; (Widmannstatten)secondary ferrite (product). MAC; Widmannstatten Ferrite sideplates;sideplates. Upper bainite. ferrite sideplates; Lath like ferrite.
Lath ferriteSide grain boundaryferrite.
Intragranular ferrite Acicular ferrite. Acicular ferrite; Acicular ferrite; Acicular ferrite.plates. Fine bainite ferrite. Needle-like ferrite;
Fine grained ferrite;Labelled intregranularferrite;Intragranular ferrite.
Massive ferrite; Granular ferrite.
Microphases
Pearlite; Ferrite-carbide Pearlite;aggregate;
Lath martensite; Martensite. Martensite; Martensite; Martensite;Twinned martensite; M-A constituent M-A constituent; M-A constituent;Retained austenite; Lath ferrite; High carbonUpper (occasionally Upper bainite; martensite;lower) bainite Lower bainite & Upper bainite.
Martensite
Efforts have been made by The International Institute of Welding (IIW) to developa standard scheme for the identification of ferritic weld metal microstructures.Y"Harrison and Farrar14,16,17 used a terminology similar to that of the IIW proposal, butalso considered the morphologies of various types of ferrite present in low carbonlow alloy welds. This allowed them to describe satisfactorily the microstructures inC-Mn and C-Mn-Ni weld metals. More recently, Zhang and Farrar21-24 employed a modified terminology which extended the Harrison and Farrarscheme. 14, 16, 17 Table 2 lists this terminology and the description for each constituentalong with the equivalent terminology 'proposed by the IIW. Some examples of thedifferent microstructures are illustrated in Fig.I.
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low CarbonLow Alloy Weld Metals 3
Table 2. Definition of microstructural terms used by the currentauthors and the equivalent terminology under the IIW scheme. 22-32
Transformation product General description(Z. Zhang andR. A. Farrar22-24)
Equivalent terminology in IIWscheme
Polygonal fenite(PF) Polygonal or equiaxed at low cooling Primary ferrite (PF) or (PF(G»rates;Grain boundary allotriomorph at highercooling rates.
Pearlite (P) Pearlite or pearlitic carbides. Ferrite-carbide aggregate(FC(P»
Ferrite with non-aligned Ferrite completely surrounding eithersecond phase (FS(NA» (i) microphases which are
approximately equiaxed and randomlydistributed or (ii) isolated laths ofacicular ferrite.
Ferrite with non-alignedsecond phase (FS(NA»
Ferrite sideplates (FSP) Sideplate structures growing directly Ferrite with second phasefrom polygonal ferrite or grain boundary (FS(SP»allotriomorphs, i.e. Widmannstattensecondary sideplates.
Acicular ferrite (AF) Acicular ferrite (AF)
Coarse acicular ferrite(CAF)
Intragranular product of fineinterlocking ferrite grains separated byhigh angle boundaries, and aspect ratiofrom ,..,3:1-10:1.Refers to the intra granular productformed at slower cooling rates thanacicular ferrite with larger grain size andmay be associated with carbides.
Acicular ferrite (AF)
Lath ferrite (LF) Ferrite with second phase(FS(B»
Refers to a predominantly intragranularproduct resembling bainite whichsometimes forms amongst acicularferrite or sideplate structures.Carbides mayor may not be present.
Martensite (M) Lath martensite Martensite (M(L»
In this monograph, the terminology of most of the CCT diagrams will beessentially in line with the scheme of Table 2. However, the microstructuraldescriptions employed by some other authors, which are not clearly defined bythose authors, such as Homma et al." are respected and retained in their CCTdiagrams, and the equivalent terminology to these may be found either from Tablelor Table 2.
4 An Atlas ofCCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
a. PF andCAF
c.AF
e. FS(NA)
b.FSP
d. AF with PF an FSP
f.M
Fig. 1 Definitions of weld metal microstructural constituents used in CCT diagrams:(a) PF and CAF; (b) FSP; (c)AF; (d) AF with PF and FSP; (e) FS(NA); (f) M.
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 5
3. Construction of CCT diagrams for low carbon low alloy weld metals
Continuous cooling dilatometry technology is by far the most commonly usedmethod of producing CCT diagrams applicable to welding. In the case of steels, thetransformation temperatures for corresponding microstructural products can oftenbe obtained by locating the temperature at which the dilation versus temperaturecurves start to deviate from linearity. The CCT diagram can then be constructed byplotting temperature versus time. This procedure is shown schematically in Fig. 2.54
(a)
(b)
ee)
(d)
P, PsFs
TEMPERATURE ---+
LDGTlME -
Fig. 2 The normal procedure of producing a CCT diagram for steel."(a) Schematic length versus temperature plots for four different coolingrates; (b) schematic CCT diagram produced from data in (a).
Although for low carbon low alloy weld metals, especially at cooling ratesexperienced under welding conditions (typically 1-30 Ks-l, ~T 800-500 °C), thetransformed microstructure from the parent austenite (A) usually consists of differentforms of ferrite phase, i.e. polygonal ferrite (PF), ferrite side-plates (FSP), acicularferrite (AF) and sometimes lath ferrite (LF). These do not lead to a very cleardilatometric resolution (deviation from linearity) unless some martensite (M) forms.In these cases, quantitative metallography is used to locate the temperature at whicheach ferrite phase transforms. The transformation order of these ferritic structuresare known.P" and assuming that the contribution of each amount of transformationto the volume change of the sample is the same, it is possible to calculate the microstructural constituent start temperatures as shown in Fig. 3.54 The correspondingCCT diagram can then be constructed accordingly. This dilatometry-metallographymethod has recently been completely verified by Farrar and Zhang 55using systematicstep-quenching and detailed metallographic examination.
6 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
t
IIi
I~ozW-J
TEMPERATURE
Fig. 3 Construction to determine transformationtemperature for any percentage transformation.
The dilatometry method clearly has many advantages in constructing CCTdiagrams applicable to welding and CCT diagrams have been shown to be veryhelpful in studying weld metal transformation behaviour, in particular, themicrostructural development in reheated regions in multi-pass welds. However,the application of these CCT diagrams to real as-deposited weld are not withoutlimitations. The major problem is that this technique obtains transformation datafrom reheated weld metal rather than from the original deposit which hasexperienced the full solidification reaction. To overcome this limitation, someattempt" has been made to produce CCT diagrams for weld metals by directlyquenching the joint before the normal termination of the welding pass. Thetemperature-time data in this case was obtained from a thermocouple directlyplanted into the weld beads. The principal problem of this procedure lies in theaccuracy of matching the measured temperature with each precise microstructuralregion and the complicated nature of the technique in practice, These problemstherefore substantially limit the application of this direct quenching technique.
Most of the CCT diagrams included in this monograph were produced using thereheating dilatometry technique. There are, however, a few diagrams which wereproduced from the direct quenching technique.
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 7
Annotations: 1. In the CCT diagrams, 4.1.4-4.1.8, 4.2.13, 4.4.1, and 4.10.1 wereproduced by direct cooling method, whilst the rest of the diagrams wereconstructed using dilatometry technique.
2. In 4.1.4-4.1.8, 4.2.13, 4.4.1 and 4.10.1 diagrams, the grain size ofthe weld structures (i.e. average columnar grain width) were around1-600J1m respectively.
3. In the CCT diagrams, nd = not determined. NA = not available.
Acknowledgements
In this monograph, we have freely adapted the weld metal CCTdiagrams producedby many other researchers. We are grateful to these authors for their permission toallow these diagrams to be included in this atlas, which we believe will provide aneasy access to CCT diagrams applicable to low carbon low alloy weld metals, andwill therefore benefit welding industry and research. Particular thanks are due toall welding metallurgy research students who have worked at SouthamptonUniversity, for their enormous input of painstaking experimental work.
8 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 9
4. CCT diagrams applicable to low alloy weld metals
4.1 C-Mn
4.2 C-Mn-Ni
4.3 C-Mn-Ni-Mo
4.4 C-Mn-Mo
4.5 C-Mn-Nb
4.6 C-Mn-Si
4.7 C-Mn-Si-Ti
4.8 C-Mn-Si- Ti-B
4.9 C-Mn-Ti
4.10 C-Mn-V
10 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 11
Section 4.1
C-Mn
12 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 13
1200~------------------~------------~
• Dilatometry
o Metallography
Austenitised: 1400°C 10see
Grain size: ASTM 5.8
1000
800
~Q)
~1\1 600"-CDa.E
~
400 M
•
200Cooling rate800-500DC
Estimated
00.1 1
500(I) I(I)
---------_ IQJzl:a. 250 I~> I<U IJ: I
0
weldingwindow
10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt% )
4.1.1 C(O.06%)-Mn(O.7%) manual metal arc (MMA) weld (source: Harrision" and
Harrison and Farrar")
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 15
1200~--------------------------------~
800
o0
cD...::s
+'" 600asCDa.E
~
400weldingwindow
M
~
200
Cooling rateaoo-soo-c
--- Estimated
00.1 1
500enenQ)z
250CCl.,"E>caJ:
0
1000
Austenitised: 13S0°C 1Osee
Grain size: ASTM 5.14
10000
• Dilatometry
o Metallography
4.1.3 C(O.07%)-Mn(2.1%) MMA weld (source: Harriston" and Harrison andFarrar'")
10 100 1000
Time, sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt %)
16 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1,200~------------------------------~
• PF start
200
FSP II
o ",/'/"",--------"'"
1,000
800
0°CD:;.•... 600asCDa.E{E.
400I 0II
!
• FSP start
o Carbide start
----- Ferrite finish
a0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec
z 500I IIQ.. I
> I II Ien
250I II I
UJ - --t- II IQ)c: I II
.....,"0ns I II IJ: 0
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
c o004S 0.0126
4.1.4 C(O.05%)-Mn(1.45%) tungsten inert gas shielded (TIG) weld (source:
Kenny, Kerr, Lazor and Graville")
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 17
1,200 ,-------------------,
1,000
800
0°a>L..
:::s•... 600as~CDa.E
~
400
IIIIIII,IIIII • PF start
• FSP start
• IG SFP start
o Carbide start
.---- Ferrite finish
200
o~------~------~------~------~------~0.1 1 10 1,000100
Time (800-500°C), sec500~----~'--~I~!~I----!--~i~--------~
- - -t---tW--lJ' I I I: 'I I II I II I I I I II I I I I Io ~ ~I~ __ ~I_~I~I __ ~l~ __ ~l ~
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
10,000
0.0087
c0.11
o
4.1.5 C(O.11%)-Mn(2.10%) TIG weld (source: Kenny, Kerr, Lazor and Craville")
18 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1,200~------------------------------~
• PF start
A AF start
• FSP start
.---- Ferrite finish
200
1,000
800
Q)•....:l•..es•....Q)Q.
E~
600 AF+FSPI
I
//
--,'"..-------,"'...-
400
o~----~------~------~------~------~0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec
500 I I I I I, :I J I II I I I t I
---~, IIill~t I I I' I ,II t I I
(I)
enQ)zC:Q. 250~'E>coJ: o
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
c o0.08 0.08S0
4.1.6 C(O.08%)-Mn(1.2S%) flux cored wire (FCW) weld (source: Kenny, Kerr,Lazor and Craville")
An Atlas ojCCY Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 19
1,200 ,.----------------------.
• PF start
• FSP start
A. AF start
• IG FSP start
200
PF
1,000
800
0°q)L-
::Jas 600L-ena.E{!
400
iII
,/r=:':/II
.- - - _. Ferrite fin ish
00.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec
500 I 1 J I :(I) I(I) I I I I I4)z 250 - - --r--t--+-+--JCo.'E> I Ica I I I I I:I:
0 J I I J I
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
c o0.08 0.0110
4.1.7 C(O.08%)-Mn(1.48%) FCW weld (source: _~enny, Kerr, Lazor and Craville")
20 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1,200~------------------------------~
800
200• PF start
• FSP start
A AF start
1,000
CD~::J1ii 600~CDa.E
~
400
----- Ferrite finish
o~----~------~------~------~------~0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-S000e), sec500 I: I I I :
I I I I I I---~I i I I
I I --r--t-t----4I I I I I Io~----------_I~I--~I--I~~I_~I------------~
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
c o0.12 0.0360
4.1.8 C(0.12%)-Mn(1.41 %) FeW weld (source: Kenny, Kerr, Lazor and Craville")
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 21
1,200~------------------------------~
1,000
Austenitised: 1350°C 1sec
Grain size: NA
800
oo
0>L..
::J1U 600CDa.Et!
400
200Cooling rate
aoo-soo-c
o~------~------~------~------~------~0.1 1 10 100 1,000
Time, sec
2 500 I I : , I I ; IQ. I I I I
> ----------~':: I: : I~ 250 - I , I I I I.§ I I I Icu I I I I I I I I:I: 0 I I I I I I I 1
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
10,000
4.1.9 C(O.09%)-Mn(l.35%) submerged arc (SA) weld (source: Homma, Ohkita,
Matruda and Yamamoto")
22 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1,200~------------------------------------~
Austenitised: 1350°C 10see
Grain size: approx. 100llm
1,000 ~
800-~
PF00
AF-'~ai~•.. 600-asCDa.E{E
400~
200~
o~------~------~------~------~----~0.1
• PF start
• AF start
• Ferrite finish
I I I I
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
c Mn N o0.049 0.68 0.0073 0.1132
4.1.10 C(O.05%)-Mn(0.68%) Metal arc inert gas shielded (MIG) weld (source:
Bannister")
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 23
1,200 ~------------------,
1,000 -
Austenitised: 13S0°C 10see
Grain size: approx. 100J]m
800~ ...----...-U0 PFa)•...
~
:la; 600~ AF•...Q)a.E
~
400---
200 r-
O~------~------~------~------~------~0.1
• PF start•. AF start
• Ferrite finish
I 1 I I
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
c o0.0447 0.0447
4.1.11 C(O.05%)-Mn(O.69%) MIG weld (source: Bannister")
24 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
• PF start
£. AF start
• Ferrite finish
I I I I
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time raoo-soo-ci, sec
1,200~------------------------------~
Austenitised: 1350°C 10see
Grain size: approx. 100pm
1,000r-
800 r-
~0
AF-+~
a
cD:5as 600 f-a;a.E
~
400 r-
200 r-
o~------~------~------~------~------~0.1
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt% )
N
0.1140
c Mn
0.00530.049 0.69
4.1.12 C(O.05%)-Mn(O.69%) MIG weld (source: Bannister")
o
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 25
1,200~--------------------------------~
200 • PF start
.•. AF start
• Ferrite finish
°0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000Time (800-500°C), sec
Austenitised: 1350°C 10see
Grain size: approx. 100Jlm
1,000
800
o.>;:
°0>AF-+~
~:::J.•.. 600as~Q)0-E{E.
400
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
c Mp N 9
0.043 0.98 0.0308 0.0657
4.1.13 C(O.04%)-Mn(O.98%) MIG weld (source: Bannister")
26 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1,200 ,...----------------------,
1,000
Austenitised: 1350°C 1Osee
Grain size: approx. 100pm
800~
0 PF°a> AF7'•..:Jas 600•..Q)Q.
E{!
400
200 • PF start
~ AF start
• Ferrite finish
00.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt % )
N
0.0663
c Mn
0.01120.049 1.58
4.1.14 C(O.Os%)-Mn(1.S8%) MIG weld (source: Bannister")
o
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 27
1,200~--------------------------------~
Austenitised: 1350°C 10see
Grain size: approx. 100J,lm
1,000 ~
800~
0~0
0) ..:; *-. -*-"Tas 600~AF~CDa.
E{!
400~
200~
o~------~------~------~------~------~0.1
• PF start
A AF start
• Ferrite finish
I I I I
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
c o0.02 0.0539
4.1.15 C(O.04%)-Mn(1.30%) MIG weld (source: Bannister")
28 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
200 • PF start
~ AF start
• Ferrite finish
00.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-S00°C), sec
1,200~--------------------------------~
1,000
Austenitised: 1350°C 10see
Grain size: approx. 100JIm
800
0 ~° PF0)a-::J *"T.•...•
600asAF~a-
0)C.E
{E.
400
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt %)
c0.03070.07
4.1.16 C(O.07%)-Mn(1.36%) MIG weld (source: Bannister")
o
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 29
1,200~--------------------------------~
1,000
Austenitised: 1350°C 10sec
Grain size: approx. 100pm
800
0~°0>•... ...::J ... * *otJ 600as
AF~•...0)a.E{Eo
400
200 • PF start
.6. AF start
• Ferrite finish
00.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (aOO-SOOOe), sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
N
0.0779
c0.0089
~n0.069 .51
4.1.17 C(O.07%)-Mn(l.Sl %) MIG weld (source: Bannister")
o
30 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1,200 .---------------------.
1,000
Austenitised: 1350°C 10see
Grain size: approx. 100Jlm
800
0 ~°a> .& a.t. • ..•••...::1•. 600 AF
~as•...Q)a.E
~
400
200 • PF start
A. AF start
• Ferrite finish
00.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
0.0438
c0.08
4.1.18 C(0.08%)-Mn(1.S3%) MIG weld (source: Bannister")
o
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 31
1,200~--------------------------------~
800-
Austenitised: 1350°C 1Osee
Grain size: approx. 100pm
1 ,OOO~
o°
400~
200~
o~------~------~------~------~------~0.1
• PF start
~ AF start
• Ferrite finish
I I I I
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
c~n
N o0.078 .s3 0.OOS2 0.0462
4.1.19 C(O.08%)-Mn(1.S3%) MIG weld (source: Bannister")
32 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
200 • PF start
'" AF start
• Ferrite finish
00.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-S00°C), sec
1,200~------------------------------~
1,000
Austenitised: 1350°C 10see
Grain size: approx. 100pm
800~
0 PF°0)
AF~:;10 600CD0.E{!
400
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
c N
0.07000.035
4.1.20 C(0.04%)-Mn(1.60%) MIG weld (source: Bannister")
o
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 33
Section 4.2
C-Mn-Ni
34 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 35
1200~--------------------------------~
800
o0
cD:5•.. 600asCDa.E ,,"
~ "< LF+AF,,,400 ,, •
"M
• •200
Cooling rate800-500°C
--- Estimated
00.1 1
1000
Ausrenitised: 1350°C 1Osee
Grain size: ASTM 5.4
weldingwindow
• Dilatometry
o Metallography
10 1000 10000100Time, sec
500 ------------~I-----------~I--~!I----~I~I~-I~I ------~I I I I ~ I
----- I : I I I I~ ----rr-----.------.+I __ ~l -l ~ !I I I -r-t---J: :! l I !
250
oChemical composition of the weld metal (wt %)
4.2.1 C(O.05%)-Mn(O.98%)-Ni(O.06%) MMA weld (source: Harrison" and
Harrison and Farrar")
36 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1200~--------------------------------~
1000
800
o0
cD~::J+-I 600esCDa.E{E. --------
400M
200
Austenitised: 13S0°C 1Osee
Grain size: ASTM 5.31
o~------~------~--------~------~------~0.1
• ••
welding
window
~
Cooling rateaOO-SOOaC
--- Estimated
• Dilatometry
o Metallography
1 100 100010
Time, secz 500Q.
> ---- ----.en250U)
GIC
"0a;:x:
0
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
10000
4.2.2 C(O.05%)-Mn(1.68%)-Ni(O.95%) MMA weld (source: Zhang-' and Farrar
and Zhang23)
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 37
1200~---------------------------------'
800
~cD:5•... 600asCDa.E{Eo
400 M
,,/,
.... ""-----,... ..•
200Cooling rate Msoo-soo-c
--- Estimated
00.1 1
z 500Q..
> -------ui250In
CItc:"EasJ: 0
1000
Ausrenitised: 1350°C 10seeGrain size: ASTM 5.5
10000
weldingwindow
4.2.3 C(O.04%)-Mn(1.20%)-Ni(1.lO%) MMA weld (source: Harrison14 andHarrison and Farrar")
• Dilatometry
o Metallography
10 1000100Time, sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
38 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1200~----------------------------~
800
00
Gi•...::s.•... 600as•...Q)a.Et!
400M
200Cooling rate
BOO-SOOGC
---- Estimated
00.1 1
500tntnQ)z
250Cc..'E>cUJ:
0
1000
Austenitised: 1350°C 1Osee
Grain size : ASTM 5.50
weldingwindow
~
• Dilatometry
o Metallography
10 10000100 1000Time, sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
4.2.4 C(O.04%)-Mn(1.67%)-Ni(2.48%) MMA weld (source: Zhang'? and Farrar
and Zhang23)
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 39
1200~------------------------------~
1000
Austenitised: 1400°C 1Osee
Grain size: ASTM 5.0
800
o0
0)t-:::sas 600t-O)a.E~
400M
weldingwindow
~
• Dilatometry
o Metallography
10 100 1000 10000
200
Cooling ratesoo-soo-cEstimated
·00.1 1
500(I)CI)
4Jz
250C:o."E>cuJ:
0
Time, sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
4.2.5 C(O.05%)-Mn(1.18%)-Ni(2.52%) MMA weld (source: Harrison" and
Harrison and Farrar")
40 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1200.---------------------------------~
800
00
~:::J+J 600CdOia.Ee -...-----
400M
-------_/•200
Cooling rateBOO-500DC
._- Estimated
00.1 1 10
1000
Austenitised: 1350°C 10see
Grain size: ASTM 5.14
CAF
weldingwindow
• Dilatometry
o Metallography
100 1000Time, sec
2 500Q.. I I> -----~ ..iii 250(/)
CDc-a~:I: 0
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt% )
10000
4.2.6 C(0.04%)-Mn(O.85%)-Ni(2.56%) MMA weld (source: Zhang" and Farrar
and Zhang")
1200~----------------------------~An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 41
1000
Austenitised: 1350°C 10see
Grain size: ASTM 5.66
200
800
00
cD:5.•.. 600(\1'-Q)a.E{J1
400 weldingwindow
Cooling rateaOO-500°C • Dilatometry
o Metallography--_. Estimated
o~------~------~--------~------~------~0.1 1 10 100 1000
Time, sec(/)(/)
CUzCo.."E>lUJ:
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
10000
4.2.7 C(O.06%)-Mn(O.67%)-Ni(3.32%) MMA weld (source: Zhang" and Farrarand Zhang23)
42 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1200~----------------------------~
800
o0
cD:;as 600CDa.E~
400 •M ~• welding
• ~ window
~
•
~200Cooling rate • Dilatometry800-500°C
Estimated 0 Metallography
00.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec500
C1)C1)
"'z 250Ca.."E>co:I: a
1000
Austenitised: 1400°C 10see
Grain size: ASTM 4.8
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt% )
4.2.8 C(O.04%)-Mn(1.29%)-Ni(3.S8%) MMA weld (source: Harrison" and
Harrison and Farrar")
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 43
1200~----------------------------~
800
o0
cD:5a; 600•...Q)a.Ef2
•400 AF+LF iM
weldingwindow
200Cooling rate
Dilatometryaoo-soo-c •Estimated
o Metallography
00.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec500
(I)(I)
CUz 250c~"E>co::I: 0
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
1000
Austenitised: 1350°C 10see
Grain size: ASTM 5.19
4.2.9a C(O.OS%)-Mn(O.78%)-Ni(S.S3%) MMA weld (source: Farrar, Zhang,
Bannister and Barritte" and Zhang")
44 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1200~------------------------------~
800
00
cD•..::3•.. 600as•...Q)0-E{!
400 AF+LF
200
Cooling rate800-500°C
--_. Estimated
00.1 1
500(t)(I)
Q)zCo. 250~>"'J:
0
1000
Austenitised: 1350°C 85secGrain size: ASTM 2.87
M
weldingwindow
• Dilatometry
o Metallography
10 100 100001000Time, sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt % )
4.2.9b C(O.Os%)-Mn(O.78%)-Ni(S.S3%) MMA weld (source: Farrar, Zhang,Bannister and Barritte" and Zhang")
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 45
1200~--------------------------------~
1000
Austenitised: 1350°C 85secGrain size: ASTM 6.67
800
o0
~~•.. 600asI-
ma.E{E.
400M
200welding OOOOC\l=
window lKJCooling rateaOO-500°C • Dilatometry
o Metallography---. Estimated
o~------~--------~------~--------~------~0.1 1 100 100010
Time, sec
500 r I I I I I !
250 :--------------:--H--LLJjI I I I I I II I I I I I I
a ~------------------.I--~II--~I--~I~-~I~I--------~Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
10000
4.2.9c C(O.05%)-Mn(O.78%)-Ni(5.53%) MMA weld (source: Farrar, Zhang,
Bannister and Barritte" and Zhang")
46 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1200r---------------------------------~
800
00
~::J•...
600as~Q)0..
E{E.
400M
200Cooling rateBOO-SOO°C
a0.1 1
500"GOCUzCo. 250~>ftIl:
0
1000
Austen itised: 1350°C 1OseeGrain size: ASTM 5.06
10000
• Dilatometry
o Metallography
4.2.10 C(0.08%)-Mn(0.96%)-Ni(O.90%) TIC weld (source: Zhang" and Farrar and
Zhang")
10 100 1000Time, sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt% )
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 47
1200.---------------------------------~
1000
- - - Esti mated
800
o0
cD...::l«1 600'-Q)c.E
~
400 M
200Cooling rateaOO-500°C
Austenitised: 1350°C 10secGrain size: ASTM 5.06
• Dilatometry
o Metallography
O~----~~----~------~-------L------~0.1 1 100 100010
Time, sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
10000
4.2.11 C(O.08%)-Mn(1.33%)-Ni(O.73%) TIG weld (source: Zhang22)
48 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1200~------------------------------~
1000
---- Estimated
800
o0
a)~.. 600asL-
CD0..
Et!
400 M
200Cooling rateaOO-500°C
Austenitised: 1350°C 1OseeGrain size: ASTM 5.06
• Dilatometry
o Metallography
o~------~------~--------~------~------~0.1 1 100 100010
Time, sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
10000
4.2.12 C(O.10%)-Mn(O.89%)-Ni(1.2S%) TIG weld (source: Zhang22)
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 49
1,200~------------------------------~
1,000
800
0°a>:s
PF+FSPas 600'-Q)a.EfE.
400
• PF start
• FSP start
200 .A. IG FSP start
0 Carbide start
----- Ferrite finish
o~------~------~------~------~------~0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
c Mn o0.09 1.61 0.0072
4.2.13 C(O.09%)-Mn(1.61%)-Ni(2.0%) TIG weld (source: Kenny, Kerr, Lazor and, Craville")
50 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1200~------------------------------~
200Cooling rateaOO-50ODe
00.1 1
500(/I(/I4IzCQ. 250'E>tU:r:
0
1000
800
oo
cD:;~ 600CD0.E
~
400
Austenitised: 1350DC 10secGrain size: ASTM 4.92
o
~CAF+(M-A)
M
• Dilatometry
o Metallography
10 100 100001000Time, sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
4.2.14 C(0.07%)-Mn(1.26%)-Ni(2.25%) TIG weld (source: Zhang" and Farrar and
Zhang")
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 51
1200~----------------------------~
800
00
~:J•.. 600«1~CDc.E
{Eo
400M
200Cooling rate
800-500°C
00.1 1
500f)f)
4»z 250c:~'E>«IJ:
0
1000
Austenitised: 1270°C/sec
Grain size: ASTM 5.00
• Dilatometry
o Metallography
10 100 1000 10000Time, sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt % )
4.2.15 C(O.09%)-Mn(l.05%)-Ni(3.32%) TIG weld (source: Zhang" and Farrar andZhang24)
52 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1,200~------------------------------~
1,000
Austenitised: 1350°CGrain size: NA
800
o°0>~.•... 600asCDa.E
{E-
M400
200
o~------~------~------~--------~----~0.1 1 10010 1,000
Time (800-500°C), sec
z 500a..>en
250 -II)Q)c"ECGJ: 0
: I : I lI I I I I
___ ~III II I I I II I I II I I I II I I I I
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt %)
10,000
4.2.16 C(O.06%)-Mn(1.40%)-Ni(O.14%) submerged fluxcored arc (SFCAW) weld(source: Kluken, Onsoien, Akselsen and Rorvik")
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 53
1200~----------------------------~
Ms = 447°C
Mf = 335°C
200
Austenitised: 1350°C
Grain size: NA
1000
800
0°cD~:J•... 600as~CDc.E
~
400 M
o~------~------~------~------~------~0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time (800-S00°C), sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
4.2.17 C(O.06%)-Mn(1.55%)-Ni(2.00%) SFCAW weld (source: Kluken, Onsoien,Akselsen and Rorvik")
54 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 55
Section 4.3
C-Mn-Ni-Mo
56 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 57
1200~--------------------------------~
800
0ocD...:l+-' 600ca...Q)a.E
~
400M
weldingwindow
[!]200
Cooling rate • Dilatometry800-500°C o Metallography
a0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, secz 500e,>u;
250CDCDC"0as~ 0
1000
Austenitised: 1350°C 10seegrain size: ASTM 5.38
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
4.3.1 C(O.06%)-Mn(1.s%)-Ni(1.0%)-Mo(O.2S%) MMA weld (source: Zhang22)
58 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1200~------------------------------~
200Cooling rate800-500°C
Estimated
00.1 1
500(t)fI)
Q)zCo.. 250'E>C'CIJ:
a
1000
800
00
Q)L-~•.. 600asL-
CDa.E{!
400
Austenitised: 1400°C 1OseeGrain size: ASTM 4.7
Mweldingwindow
• Dilatometry
10 100 100001000Time, sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
4.3.2 C(O.05%)-Mn(l.72%)-Ni(l.87%)-Mo(O.31 %) MMA weld (source:Harrison")
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 59
1200~----------------------------~
200
Cooling rateaOO-50ODe
00.1 1
500tI)tI)CUz
250CQ."E>tUJ:
0
1000
800
0
0a):5.•.. 600asCDc.E
~
400
Austenitised: 1350DC 1Osee
Grain size: ASTM 5.50
M
welding ~_----,window \2°C/sec I
• Dilatometry
o Metallography
10 1000 10000100Time, sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
4.3.3 C(O.06%)-Mn(1.7s%)-Ni(2.73%)-Mo(O.20%) MMA weld (source:Zhang22)
60 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 61
Section 4.4
C-Mn-Mo
62 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 63
1,200~------------------------------~
• PF start
• FSP start
o Carbide start
----- Ferrite finish
200
1,000
800
0°0>~:l•... 600co~CDa.E{E.
400
00.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-S00°C), sec
z 500 II r I I IQ., --~>,n 250 •... I I I I I." I IGIC I I I I I I't:J«i : : I : : ~J: 0
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)c o
0.11 0.0094
4.4.1 C(O.11%)-Mn(1.S0%)-Mo(O.3%) TIG weld (source: Kenny, Kerr, Lazor andCraville")
64 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 65
Section 4.5
C-Mn-Nb
66 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams .Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 67
1200~----------------------------~
1000
800
00
~::las 600~(I)a.E{!!.
400
200
Austenitised: 1400°C 1Osee
Grain size: ASTM 5.2
Carbide start.:--- -~J-~o~--~~~~'~t ~
AF\Xe1 :~!~~;\
• ~ ~CD
~/ ~--------------~~~ ~
M
Cooling rate800-500°C
Estimated
• Dilatometryo Metallography
• Thermal analysis
o~------~------~--------~------~------~0.1 1 100 1000010 1000
z 500~ ~------------~
Time, sec
! 250c~:z:
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
4.5.1 C(O.09%)-Mn(1.32%)-Nb«O.Ol%) MMA weld (source: Harrison, Watsonand Farrar" and Harrison")
68 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1200~--------------------------------~
1000
Austenitised: 1400°C 10sec
Grain size: ASTM 5.3
4.5.2 C(O.lO%)-Mn(l.37%)-Nb(O.03%) MMA weld (source: Harrison, Watsonand Farrar" and Harrison")
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 69
1200~------------------------~--~
1000
800
o0
cDL-
::la; 600L-Q)c.E~
400
200
Austenitised: 1400°C 10seeGrain size: ASTM 5.1
Mweldingwindow
".'~"",,""" Q)_- U)-------------- g
Cooling rateeoo-soo-cEstimated
• Dilatometry
o Metallography
9 Thermal analysis
00.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
2 500Q.
>,,;250fA
CDc:'E••J:
0
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
4.5.3 C(O.09%)-Mn(1.05%)-Nb«O.Ol%) MMA weld (source: Harrison, Watsonand Farrar" and Harrison")
70 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1200~------------------------------~
800
o0
0)~::l•.. 600asCDa.E{E.
400M
",,/----------*""'-'200
Cooling rate800-500°C
Estimated
00.1 1
z 500Q.
>0 250'"atI:
"0•X 0
1000
Austenitised: 1400°C 1OseeGrain size: ASTM 6.3
weldingwindow
• Dilatometry
o Metallography
o Thermal analysis
10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
4.5.4 C(0.08%)-Mn(0.97%)-Nb(O.02%) MMA weld (source: Harrison, Watsonand Farrar" and Harrison")
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 71
Section 4.6
C-Mn-Si
72 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 73
1200~--------------------------------~
1000
Austenitised: 1350°C
Grain size: NA
800
oo
cD~::J~ 600Q)a.E~
400M
200
O~------~------~------~-------L------~0.1 1 100 100010
Time (from Ac3), sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
10000
4.6.1 C(O.09%)-Mn(O.81 0/0)-Si(O.110/0)MIG weld (source: Ito, Nakanishi andKomizo")
74 An Atlas ofCCY Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1200
Austenitised: 1350°C
Grain size: NA
1000
Ac3 = snoc
800
00
ai•...::l•.. 600as•...Q)Co
E~
400
200
00.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time (from Ac3). sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt %)
C Mp I Si I S I p I Cu I N 0
0.11 0.14 0.09 0.013 0.016 0.12 0.0050 0.010
4.6.2 C(0.11%)-Mn(O.74%)-Si(O.09%) MIG weld (source: Ito, Nakanishiand Komizo")
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 75
Section 4.7
C-Mn-Si-Ti
76 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 77
1200~--------------------------------~
800Ac1 = 717°C
00
Q):s•.. 600as••...Q)a.E
~
400
1000
200
Austenitised: 1350°C
Grain size: NA
Ac3 = 910°C
o~------~------~------~------~------~0.1 1 100 1000 1000010
Time (from Ac3), sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
4.7.1 C(O.11%)-Mn(1.09%)-Si(O.40%)-Ti(O.05%) MIG weld (source: Ito, Nakanishi
and Komizo'")
78 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1200
Austenitised: 1350°C
Grain size: NA
1000Ac3 = 8B6°C
800Ac1 = 70BOC
00
CD:5•.. 600asQ)a.Et!
400
200
o~------~------~------~------~------~0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time (from Ac3), sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
4.7.2 C(O.12%)-Mn(O.80%)-Si(O.2s%)-Ti(O.027O/o) MIG weld (source: Ito,Nakanishi and Komizo")
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 79
Section 4.8
C-Mn-Si- Ti-B
80 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 81
1200
Austenitised: 1350°C
Grain size: NA
1000
Ac3 = 877°C
800Ac1 = 708°C
00
cD~::J.•.. 600asGia.E
~
400M
200
o~------~------~------~------~------~0.1 1 100 100010
Time (from Ac3), sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
10000
4.8.1 C(O.11% )-Mn(O.960/0)-Si(O.220/0)-Ti(O.029% )-B(O.0026%) MIG weld (source:
Ito, Nakanishi and Komizo")
82 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1200~--------------------------------~
1000
800
00
cD'-::l.•..• 600as'-Q)a.E{Eo
400
200
Austenitised: 1350°C
Grain size: NA
o~------~------~------~------~------~0.1 1 10010 1000 10000
Time (from Ac3), sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt %)
4.8.2 C(O.09% )-Mn(l.lO% )-Si(O.27O/o)- Ti(O.038% )-B(O.0027O/o) MIG weld (source:Ito, Nakanishi and Komizo")
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 83
1200
Austenitised: 1350°C
Grain size: NA
1000Ac3 = 88SOC
800
00
a>•...::l•... 600asCiic..E
~ .....
400M
200
00.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time (from Ac3), secz 500Q.
>vi 250II)CDc'ECIIX
O!Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt %)
4.8.3 CeO.1I °/0)-Mn(I.16°/0 )-Si(O.29°/0)- Ti(O.043°10)-B(O.0034 °/0) MIG weld (source:Ito, Nakanishi and Komizo")
84 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 85
Section 4.9
C-Mn-Ti
86 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 87
1,200Austenitised: 1350°C 1sec
Grain size: NA
1,000
Ac3 = 862°C
800
00
0)~::l.. 600as~CDc.E{!
400
200
Cooling rateeoo-soo-c
00.1
z 500Q..>g)
2500)CDc'0:ax 0
Q,;89 Mn1.43
1 10 100 1,000
Time, sec
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
10,000
4.9.1 C(O.089%)-Mn(1.43%)-Ti(O.028%) SA weld (source: Homma,Ohkita,
Matruda and Yamamoto")
88 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 89
Section 4.10
C-Mn-V
90 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 91
1,200 r-----------------------,
00.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec
z 500 J 1 I -r Ia. --l++-LJ> I I I I I0 250 - r r II/)CJ) I I ,cL) I 1 I I I:uI 0 I : III
1,000
800
o°
400
200
~ AF start
• PF start
• FSP start
.---- Ferrite finish
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)
0.0099c Mn
0.095 1.62o
4.10.1 C(O.095%)-Mn(1.6%)-V(O.1%) TIG weld (source: Kenny, Kerr, Lazor andGraville")
92 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 93
References
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Books on Welding fromThe Institute of Materials
B557 Metallurgical Modelling of Welding0ystein Grong
This book gives graduate students, engineers and researchers an in-depthinsight into the field of welding metallurgy, providing a broad overview of
fundamental principles.In recent years, significant progress has been made in the understanding ofthe chemical and physical processes which take place during welding. Thistext brings together all the basic components necessary to reach the goal offaster process developments, optimisation of process and properties and the
possibility of developing new and more weldable alloys.600pp ISBN 0 901716 37 5 £85
B533 Mathematical Modelling of Weld PhenomenaH. Cerjak and K. E. Easterling (eds)
'Technically, it is the first comprehensive publication on mathematicalmodelling and contains an impressive collection of papers on heat flow,
melt turbulence, solidification structures and physical metallurgy. Further,exposition of the underlying principles is very clear, so that it covers muchof the existing basic knowledge on welding. Several papers are definitive
and the book should become a standard reference in every welding library.'A. T. Price, Ironmaking and Steelmaking
384pp ISBN 0 90 1716 16 2 £65
B594 Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 2H. Cerjak (ed.), H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia (series ed.)
The second in the Institute's new Materials Modelling Series. Theproceedings of a conference held under the auspices of the InternationalInstitute of Welding Commissions IX and IXB and the Dept. of Materials
Science and Welding, Technical University of Graz.288pp ISBN 0 901716 63 4 £65