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An Early History of Biopsychology
Plato: the mind is located in the brain
Franz Gall and Phrenology– Early 1800s– Read bumps on skull
to understand traits
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Studying the Brain
Studying the brain through lesions or damaged areas
– “Ta” and Phineas Gage– Experiments in rats –
hypothalamus lesions Monitoring Electrical
Activity: the EEG– Electroencephalograms
provide information about cortical activity
– Record electrical activity of neurons on surface of brain (neural firing)
– A functional technique
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Studying the Brain: Structural Neuroimaging Techniques
CT Scan (Computerized tomography)
– Computer-assisted x-ray of brain
– Used to create overall images of brain
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
– Produces detailed pictures of soft tissue in brain
– Can focus on specific regions when CT cannot produce clear images
CT scan (top) and MRI (bottom) showing a tumor.
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Studying the Brain: Functional Neuroimaging Techniques
PET (positron emission tomography)
– Image created by the rate at which radioactive glucose is metabolized
– Which areas of the brain are active during a particular activity
fMRI (functional MRI)– Combines structural and
functional techniques– Multiple images of brain created
during a particular task– Records changes in blood flow
to indicate regions of greater activity
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Primitive Brain Structures
Brainstem– Oldest part of brain– Contains medulla, controlling heartbeat,
blood pressure and breathing– Also contains pons, which helps regulate
sensory information and facial expressions– Contains Reticular Formation (RF) for
alertness/arousal, sleep/wakefulness Thalamus
– Pair of egg-shaped structures on top of brainstem
– Routes all incoming sensory information except for smell to appropriate areas of brain
Cerebellum– “little brain” at read of brainstem– Controls coordination, balance, and muscle
tone
These parts of the brain are our “autopilot” so other regions can deal with higher-level “human” functions
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The Limbic System
Located in between the primitive parts of the brain and the cerebral hemispheres
– Hippocampus processes new memories (case of H.M.)– Amygdala controls emotions such as aggression and fear –
in animals, the “attack” response (rat study)– Hypothalamus regulates hunger, thirst, body temperature
and sex drive – also controls pituitary gland Rat study – self-stimulation of “pleasure centers” Human implications? Mild pleasure, addiction tendencies?
Primarily, the limbic system processes drives, smell and various emotional responses
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The Cortex
Part of the cerebrum, the two large hemispheres comprising 85% of brain weight
Wrinkled outer layer Why so convoluted? Higher level functions Designation of cortical
space and “higher level” animals?
Most highly evolved part of the human brain
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Cortex Breakdown…
Each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes
– Frontal lobe– Temporal lobe– Parietal lobe– Occipital lobe
The lobes are separated by deep convolutions known as fissures
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Cortex Breakdown…
Occipital Lobes– Visual cortex– Damage?
Temporal Lobes– Auditory cortex– Auditory hallucinations?
Parietal Lobes– Primary sensory or
somatosensory cortex– Allocation of space?
Frontal Lobes– Most evolved – Motor cortex, which
allows us to move– Allocation of space?
Homunculous!
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Motor and Sensory Cortex Revealed!
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The Cortex: Association Areas
We only use 10% of our brains? Undifferentiated cortex Association areas
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Association Areas
Any areas not dealing with our senses or muscle movements are called association areas.
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Association Areas of Frontal Lobe
Deals with planning, maintaining emotional control and abstract thought.
Contains Broca’s Area.Broca’s Aphasia.
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Phineas Gage: A Case Study in Frontal Lobe Association Area Damage
In 1848, railroad foreman Phineas Gage – accident!
No longer “himself”
Emotions, the frontal cortex, and the unchecked limbic system The skull of Phineas and rogue tamping iron,
displayed proudly at Harvard University’s medical school! For real!
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Temporal Lobes
Contains Wernicke’s area.
Wernicke’s Aphasia.
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Occipital Lobes
In the back of our head.
Handles visual input from eyes.
Right half of each retina goes to left occipital lobe and vice versa.
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Specialization & IntegrationBrain activity when hearing, seeing, and
speaking words
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Neuroplasticity
Brain’s to change and reorganize as a result of experience
Mark Rosenzweig’s (1922-2009) Rat Studies (1950s-60s)
Implications for humans?
Party!
Hey guys! Check out our phat crib!
Shafted again.
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Neurogenesis?
Recent evidence has suggested that human brains may be able to generate new brain cells, known as Neurogenesis
Stem cell research?
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The Two Hemispheres
Two halves are NOT identical Most have a dominant hemisphere – usually
the left, which controls the right side of the body
Both sides serve important functions, revealed by studying split-brain patients
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Splitting the BrainA procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers
(mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them.
Corpus Callosum
Ma
rtin M
. Ro
the
r
Cou
rtesy of Teren
ce William
s, Un
iversity of Iowa
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Split-Brain
Epilepsy, seizures and the corpus callosum
Reduction in epileptic seizures Different abilities in each
hemisphere The story of “Vicki” Michael Gazzaniga
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Split Brain PatientsWith the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects (pencil) in the left
visual field cannot.
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Divided Consciousness
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Some Hemispheric Strengths
Left Hemisphere– Language in most
people: The cases of Ta of Charles Landry
– Logic– Right side of body
Right Hemisphere– Perception– Sense of self– Inferences
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Hemispheric Dominance: Handedness
90% of humans are right-handed The 10% of left-handers show less predictable
patterns of hemispheric dominance Causes
– Genetics? – Fetal testosterone levels?– Learned?– Handedness and sexual orientation?
A closer look: a curse or an advantage?