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An European Space Initiative
National Space Society FranceEugene, Oregon - 2003
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A first answer :
Creation of potential of activity
Why going in space ?
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An historical example of creation of potential of activity :
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Henry the Navigator1394 - 1460
Portugal
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Portugal during the XVth century
• A great Mediterranean and catholic power.• suffers an economic recession since 1375.• More difficulties with middle east and Chinese
empire trade – a closed economy.• threatened by Arabic and Muslim powers.• Three kings : john I (1383-1433) - Edouard
(1433-1438) - Alphonse V (1438-1481).
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Portugal and Mediterranean Sea
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The necessity of opening new ways and markets for Portugal
A solution : Colonization of west coast of Africa.
The beginning of the Portuguese age of discovery
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Henry the Navigator
• 1415 : first action : capture of Ceuta (morocco) - learns about african trade.
• 1419 : named as Governor of Algarve Region - South West of the country, in face of Africa and Atlantic ocean.
• 1420 : Master of the Portuguese military order : Order of Christ.
• His capital : City of Sagres.
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Capture of Ceuta - 1415
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Algarve region and the south of Portugal
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Sagres
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Turning Africa
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Creating a potential of activity :An infrastructure.
• Recruits intellectuals : geography, astronomy, sailors, naval engineers, scientists, pilots, and navigators from all around the world.
• Builds a church, an observatory, a ship factory in Lagos and Sagres and a center for cartography.
• Lagos’ Harbor dedicated to the development of a new vessel : the caravel.
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Creating a potential of activity :An infrastructure.
• A School of Navigation : based in Sagres, international students and speakers.
• Some students of the School : Christopher Columbus, Bartholomea Dias, Vasco da Gama or Magellan.
• A ‘’better and brighter’’ brain trust around the prince Henry.
• The will of opening a new sphere of economy for Portugal.
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Some developments : mapping
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Some developments : instruments
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Some developments : From the Barca ( ~ 1350- 1430) to the
Caravel (~ 1441-1500)
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First discoveries : the Atlantic islands
• 1420 : Madeira.• 1422 : Canaries
Islands.• Between 1424 and
1432 : Azores islands.• Next step is the limit of
the ‘’known world’’ : Cape Bojador.
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Cape Bojador - 1434• 15 failures between 1427 and 1434.• Using of an old type of vessel : the barca.• Gil Eanes passed the cape during the
summer of 1434 after 2 personal failures.• The major lock for south expansion in
Africa is broken.
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From Rio de Oro to Guinea• 1436 : Portuguese
discover Rio de Oro river - First trades.
• Cape Branco passed in 1441 with caravels.
• 1444 : First merchant private expedition - 200 black slaves brought back to Portugal.
• 1445 : Cape Verde.
• 1447 : Trade and refueling outpost created on Arguim Island.
• 1450 : First licenses of exploitation on Guinea.
• 1456 : Pope recognizes Portuguese domination.
• 1459 : Fra Mauro’ map in Sagres by Toscanelli.
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African expeditions :
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1460 - Henry the Navigator died
A new potential of activity opens for Portugal – an open economy.
A lot of benefits and spinoffs for the country : spices, gold, ivory, silver, slaves...
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After Henry… the beginning of the Portuguese empire.
Bartholemea Dias passed Good Hope Cape in 1487.
Vasco da Gama reached India in 1499
Columbus - 1492
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An European Space Initiative
NOW...
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Why proposes a European Space Initiative ?
• To offer a new potential of activity to Europe.
• To open a new sphere of economy : in a spacefaring civilization frame.
• To propose concrete, new and larger political ideas (back to a real political vision).
• To initiate our space projects.
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How to do it ?
• The ESI is composed in two main parts : a short term plan called ‘’15 propositions for 5 years’’ and a middle and long term plan called ‘’beyond earth orbit’’ .
• 15 propositions is a concrete, political and feasible plan for Europe. Its goal is to master regular human access to low orbit in 5 years.
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15 propositions for 5 years
• First main goal : Human access to space activities on earth orbit.
• Initiate an industrial political, universities movement towards Europe for space.
• Second main goal : a parallel preparation of ESI middle term plan in the frame of a spacefaring civilization.
• Advanced studies for next generation ideas.
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Regular human access to earth orbit
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1. First at all : a strong political, economical, cultural and strategic will for the ESI
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2. Wake up all European space partners.
• Presentation of ESI - making of a 5 years roadmap.
• Awakening of all space partners (working around space activities - in a large definition) : private companies, national agencies, departments, universities, and politics….
• Definition of a European Universities Space Initiative.
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3. Reliability of Ariane V for three versions : ESC-A, Evolution and
Human 10 tons
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4. Launching and using of the automatic cargo vehicle ATV
(Automatic Transfer Vehicle) for ISS
First launch Sept. 2004
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4. First lessons in space : docking, orbital driving and handling…
First studies on ACEV -Human version of ATV.
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5. Advanced Developing studies on ARD, CTV/CRV, X-38, Pre-X, Sphinx,
Angel, Socrates, l’IXV, Hercules...
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6. Building Columbus, European experiments module for ISS
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6. Renegotiations for European use of ISS. Proposing a larger using of
Space Station : Our first space academy and harbor.
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7. Industrial development and tests for human module using Ariane V
Goal : Send and bring back safely astronauts 5 to 6 times per years.
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8. First European launch of astronauts to orbit by our own way.Learning of space flight techniques.
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In the same time: Parallel preparation for ESI
middle term plans
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1. Future Launchers Preparation Plans (FLPPs) works:
• Studies’ speeding up about FLPPs : EXTV (European eXperimental Test Vehicle), VERHA (Dassault Aviation) or ARES (EADS).
• European space politic Coordination about future launchers (Next Generation Launchers Studies).
• Choice between ELV or RLV.
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1. Future Launchers Preparation Plans (FLPPs) works:
FLPPs Works
Ares project by EADS
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2. Studies about winged reusable vehicles
• Resume of all studies about winged reusable vehicles : SSTO, TSTO, Hermes, FESTIP, HOTOL, Sanger, X-33, financed tests for Ares (Fr) and Vehra (Fr) or Phoenix 2 (Germany).
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3. Alternative propulsion studies
• Resume of nuclear propulsion studies.• Studies about Hydro Magnetic Dynamic
propulsion (ONERA, SupAero, CNRS).• Studies about Electric Kinetic
Propulsion (Naudin and Brown).
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4. Studies about Space cable or Space elevator c
See B. Edwards and Westling or Liftport Group.
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5. Preparing the next generation : Launch of a Space Techniques’
Universities Initiative.Creation of a ‘’Brain Trust’’, building a better and brightergeneration.
Founding and helps for university teams or technical institutes working on space program. Encourage, by all means, studies on space activities.
Developing Science program.
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6. Promotion of all kind of European space private enterprise initiatives.
Political ‘’Zero Tax, Zero Gravity’’ act.
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7. Launching the Future...
• First agencies studies about Moon and Mars exploration to come : advanced versions for ESA Aurora program.
• Moon and Mars exploitation studies.• Developing the ISS use.• Development studies on next space
propulsion ( an European Prometheus ?).
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Beyond earth orbit.
Middle and long term plan :a space faring civilization frame.
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Beyond earth orbit : everything is possible.
• Learn and developing space activities: the middle term plan.
• Open and study each possibilities for future.• Next generation of propulsion and vehicle
required.• International cooperation. Creation of an
International Managing Space Programs Office.
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The main goal: Moon and Mars.
• Moon : the earth harbor and facility.
• Lunar installation and exploitation.
• Works of H. Koelle (Ph.D. Berlin University), SSI (Princeton University), P. Eckart.
• Mars : the next step.• R. Zubrin, Case for
Mars or entering space .
• Mars direct initiative developed.
• Studies about colonization.
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Moon and Mars.
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Development of a spacefaring civilization.
New potential of activities and new sphere of economy open.