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An example of hierarchical planning…
(2) planning a sequence of communicative rhetorical actions
Johanna Moore & Cécile Paris (1993) “Planning text for advisory dialogues: capturing intentional and rhetorical information”. Computational Linguistics 19(4):651-694
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Discourse Structure: RST
• It is a hierarchical goal decomposition
• It organises the content to be presented
• It includes an explicit representation of coherence relationships
• It has been shown to be useful to generate texts, multimedia presentations, and to provide a context in which to understand a follow-up interaction.
Cécile Paris (CSIRO, Australia)
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A plan operator’s role during the planning process
PLAN OPERATOR
effect
preconditions
body
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Using planning operators for rhetorical planning
PLAN OPERATOR
effect
preconditions
body
communicative intention
constraints
nucleus satellites
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Extending the planning operators to represent rhetorical structure
Name Executive-Briefing-Summary
Effect (KnowAbout User ?summary)
Constraints And (mode verbose) (user.type == ?user)
Nucleus (KnowAbout User ?topic)
Satellites RST-Elaboration (KnowAbout User ?add-topic)
Cécile Paris (CSIRO, Australia)
I.e., in order to have the effect of the ‘user’ knowing about some material (the summary) we can decompose the communicative actions into a nucleus, where the user is informed about the topic and a further elaboration where more topics or added. This is only applicable if we have a particular type of user and we are being ‘verbose’.
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More detailed example: Persuading the reader/hearer to do something
motivation
motivationmotivation
An RST structure
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Persuading the reader/hearer to do something
motivation
motivationmotivation
An RST structure
A plan representation EFFECT: (persuaded ?hearer (DO ?hearer ?act))CONSTRAINTS: (?goal is a step towards ?act)NUCLEUS: (forall ?goal (MOTIVATION ?act ?goal)) Adapted from
Moore & Paris (1993)
?act ?goal ?goal ?goal
?act ?goal ?goal ?goal
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Motivating the reader/hearer to do something
motivation
An RST structure
A plan representation EFFECT: (MOTIVATION ?act ?goal)CONSTRAINTS: (?goal is a step towards ?act)NUCLEUS: (BELieve ?hearer (STEP ?act ?goal))Adapted from
Moore & Paris (1993)
?goal ?act
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Making the reader/hearer believe something
A plan representation EFFECT: (MOTIVATION ?act ?goal)CONSTRAINTS: (?goal is a step towards ?act)NUCLEUS: (BELieve ?hearer (STEP ?act ?goal))
(s / … :speechact assertion… )
An SPL representation
An illocutionary act (inform ?hearer ?proposition)
a primitive action
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The actual definitions given by Moore & Paris (1993)
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The actual definitions given by Moore & Paris (1993)
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The actual definitions given by Moore & Paris (1993)
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Primitive communicative acts
(s / … :speechact assertion… )
An SPL representation
An illocutionary act (inform ?hearer ?proposition)
a primitive action
EFFECT: (BELieve ?hearer ?propositionCONSTRAINTS: nilNUCLEUS: (generate (s / proposition …))
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Plans…
• … contain primitive communicative acts at their ‘leaves’
• primitive acts can be directed ‘executed’ (i.e., carried out) by other components of the computational system
• … can be used for informing in other modalities apart from language
• … and can be applied across languages…