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EpiFiAn In-Home IoT Architecture for Epidemiology Research
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Philip Lundrigan, Kyeong T. Min, Neal Patwari, Sneha Kumar Kasera, Kerry Kelly, Jimmy Moore, Miriah Meyer, Scott C. Collingwood, Flory Nkoy, Bryan Stone, and Katherine Sward
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EPIFI
▸ Epidemiology: study of diseases and it affects populations
▸ Goals:
▸ Bring benefits of IoT to medical applications
▸ Allow families, doctors, and researchers to process data in real-time
▸ Designed to be used by other people
▸ Deploy in thousands of homes
▸ Part of $5.5 million NIH grant called Pediatric Research using Integrated Sensor Monitoring Systems (PRISMS)
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WHY EPIFI?
▸ Current IoT solutions are not designed for epidemiology researchers:
▸ Systems not designed for large study based deployments
▸ Cost of management > cost of devices
▸ Must be HIPAA compliant for data transmission and storage
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https://goo.gl/wqKoyz
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ARCHITECTURE
HOME
BLE Sensors
Gateway
WiFi Sensors Zigbee Sensors
ZWave Sensors
Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
DATABASE
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BLE SENSORS
George Washington University prototype
sensor
Arizona State University prototype sensor
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WIFI SENSORS
Utah Modified DylosAirU
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FOCUS ON WIFI SENSORS
▸ WiFi hardware is readily available and inexpensive
▸ WiFi is more widely deployed compared to other wireless protocols
▸ A WiFi sensor can integrate with the rest of the home because it uses IP
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DEPLOYMENTS
▸ Deployed in homes, labs, and an Air Force hangar
▸ Used in four studies
▸ A clinical study has been deployed for more than a year with 10 participants
▸ Another study looked at how running furnace fan affects air quality
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FOCUS
▸ Ease of use
▸ Adding new sensors
▸ Integrating existing sensors
▸ Setting up server infrastructure
▸ Reliable data transfer
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FOCUS
▸ Ease of use
▸ Adding new sensors
▸ Integrating existing sensors
▸ Setting up server infrastructure
▸ Reliable data transfer
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ADDING NEW SENSORS
▸ Custom Linux image for sensors
▸ Configuration options placed in one file
▸ Place sensor specific code in one place and EpiFi takes care of connectivity and reliability transferring the data
EpiFi Custom Image
Configuration File
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INTEGRATING EXISTING SENSORS
▸ Use MQTT or HTTP to upload data to servers
▸ Open format
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{
"measurement_name": [value, "unit"],
...
}
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SETTING UP SERVER INFRASTRUCTURE
▸ Dockerized all server-side components of system
▸ Use docker compose to deploy components to a server easily
▸ Wrote script to bootstrap databases and set up authentication
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InfluxDBMongoDB
Mosquitto
MQTT Subscriber
Export Tool GrafanaStatus Page
HTTP
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FOCUS
▸ Ease of use
▸ Adding new sensors
▸ Integrating existing sensors
▸ Setting up server infrastructure
▸ Reliable data transfer
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RELIABLE DATA TRANSFER
▸ Epidemiology research needs all historical data
▸ First test deployment saw a lot of data loss even though we were using TCP
▸ Homes are hazardous environments for wireless sensors
▸ Persist data at every opportunity
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PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
▸ Having other people use our system lead to many interesting challenges:
▸ Managing deployments
▸ Bootstrapping WiFi connectivity
▸ Device observability
▸ Data privacy when moving sensors
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Solved
Future work
}}
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PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
▸ Having other people use our system lead to many interesting challenges:
▸ Managing deployments
▸ Bootstrapping WiFi connectivity
▸ Device observability
▸ Data privacy when moving sensors
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Solved
Future work
}}
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MANAGEMENT
▸ Export data for analysis
▸ Sensor metadata
▸ Monitor status of sensors
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PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
▸ Having other people use our system lead to many interesting challenges:
▸ Managing deployments
▸ Bootstrapping WiFi connectivity
▸ Device observability
▸ Data privacy when moving sensors
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Solved
Future work
}}
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SECURE WIFI BOOTSTRAPPING PROBLEM
HOME
Gateway
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
WiFi Sensor WiFi Sensor WiFi Sensor WiFi Sensor
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HOW DO YOU CONNECT A WIFI SENSOR TO A WIFI ROUTER?
HOME
Gateway
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
???
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HOW DO YOU CONNECT A WIFI SENSOR TO A WIFI ROUTER?
▸ Program sensor with home's network and password
▸ Bring our own wireless router
▸ Open network
▸ WPA Enterprise
▸ WiFi Protected Setup (WPS)
▸ Out-of-band channel
▸ SmartConfig
▸ WiFi device becomes a temporary AP
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HOW DO YOU CONNECT A WIFI SENSOR TO A WIFI ROUTER?
▸ Program sensor with home's network and password
▸ Bring our own wireless router
▸ Open network
▸ WPA Enterprise
▸ WiFi Protected Setup (WPS)
▸ Out-of-band channel
▸ SmartConfig
▸ WiFi device becomes a temporary AP
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REQUIREMENTS
▸ Does not require any extra hardware at the sensor
▸ Broadly supported by home WiFi routers
▸ Time to connect scales up to many devices
Can we securely bootstrap WiFi connectivity of many devices using just WiFi?
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SECURE TRANSFER OF AUTHENTICATION PROTOCOL (STRAP) OVERVIEW
HOME
Gateway
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
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STRAP OVERVIEW
HOME
Gateway
Network Name Password
Participant enters network name and password into web interface on gateway
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
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Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
HOME
STRAP OVERVIEW
Gateway
Network Name PasswordNetwork Name PasswordNetwork Name PasswordNetwork Name Password
Gateway securely sends network name and password to the home’s WiFi router
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
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Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
STRAP OVERVIEW
HOME
Gateway
Network Name PasswordNetwork Name PasswordNetwork Name PasswordNetwork Name Password
Home WiFi router securely sends network name and password to the unassociated sensors
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
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HOME
Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
STRAP OVERVIEW
Gateway
Network Name Password
Network Name Password
Network Name Password
Home WiFi router securely sends network name and password to the unassociated sensors
Network Name Password
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HOME
STRAP OVERVIEW
Gateway
WiFi Sensor WiFi Sensor WiFi Sensor WiFi Sensor…
Sensors connect to the network and now can send measurements
Associated WiFi Sensor
Associated WiFi Sensor
Associated WiFi Sensor
Associated WiFi Sensor
…
Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
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Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
HOME
STRAP OVERVIEW
Gateway
Network Name Password
Network Name Password
Network Name Password
Home WiFi router securely sends network name and password to the unassociated sensors
Network Name Password
How?
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STRAP
HOME
Gateway
Since the gateway is connected through Ethernet, it can send data
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
Network Name Password
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STRAP
HOME
Gateway
Since the gateway is connected through Ethernet, it can send data
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
EthernetHome WiFi Router
Network Name Password
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STRAP PROBLEM
HOME
Gateway
How can WiFi sensors receive WiFi frames?
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
Network Name Password
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MONITOR MODE
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STRAP KEY INSIGHT
HOME
Gateway
Source and destination addresses of WiFi frames are not encrypted
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
Network Name Password
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STRAP SOLUTION
HOME
Gateway
Gateway can encode data into the source and destination address fields!
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
Network Name Password
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ETHERNET FRAME
hello world!
68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 21
12 bytes of data!
Destination MAC Address
Source MAC Address
68:65:6c:6c:6f:20 77:6f:72:6c:64:21 EtherType (IP, ARP, etc)
Data… (46 - 1500 bytes) Checksum
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STRAP PROBLEM
HOME
Gateway
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
DST: 68:65:6c:6c:6f:20 SRC: 77:6f:72:6c:64:21
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STRAP PROBLEM
HOME
Gateway
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
DST: 68:65:6c:6c:6f:20 SRC: 77:6f:72:6c:64:21
???
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DESTINATION ADDRESS
▸ We need:
▸ An address that the WiFi router will always accept
▸ Makes the wireless router send the frame on its wireless interface
▸ Broadcast: ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
▸ IPv4 Multicast: 01:00:5E:xx:xx:xx
▸ IPv6 Multicast: 33:33:xx:xx:xx:xx
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STRAP KEY INSIGHT
HOME
Gateway
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
DST: 33:33:6c:6c:6f:20 SRC: 77:6f:72:6c:64:21
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STRAP KEY INSIGHT
HOME
Gateway
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
DST: 33:33:6c:6c:6f:20 SRC: 77:6f:72:6c:64:21
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STRAP KEY INSIGHT
HOME
Gateway
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
DST: 33:33:6c:6c:6f:20 SRC: 77:6f:72:6c:64:21
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STRAP KEY INSIGHT
HOME
Gateway
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
DST: 33:33:6c:6c:6f:20 SRC: 77:6f:72:6c:64:21
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STRAP PROBLEM
HOME
Gateway
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
Unassociated WiFi Sensor
…
Home WiFi Router
Ethernet
DST: 33:33:6c:6c:6f:20 SRC: 77:6f:72:6c:64:21
You can’t fit much information in 10 bytes�47
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EPIFI
STRAP HEADER
Total SequenceID f n Payload (7 bytes)
EtherType Payload…Destination MAC Address
Source MAC Address
33:33
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STRAP DATA FLOW
Encrypt
Message Authentication
Code (MAC)
Combine
Erasure Coding Packetize
Initialization Vector (IV)
IV
Gobal Sequence Number
Encrypted Data
MAC
k,m STRAP Header
Data (Network Name and Password)
Gobal Sequence Number
Encryption Key
Integrity Key
Transmit Frames
Insert into Ethernet Frame
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STRAP DATA FLOW
Encrypt
Message Authentication
Code (MAC)
Combine
Erasure Coding Packetize
Initialization Vector (IV)
IV
Gobal Sequence Number
Encrypted Data
MAC
k,m STRAP Header
Data (Network Name and Password)
Gobal Sequence Number
Encryption Key
Integrity Key
Transmit Frames
Insert into Ethernet Frame
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STRAP DATA FLOW
Encrypt
Message Authentication
Code (MAC)
Combine
Erasure Coding Packetize
Initialization Vector (IV)
IV
Gobal Sequence Number
Encrypted Data
MAC
k,m STRAP Header
Data (Network Name and Password)
Gobal Sequence Number
Encryption Key
Integrity Key
Transmit Frames
Insert into Ethernet Frame
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REQUIREMENTS
▸ Does not require any extra hardware at the sensor
▸ Broadly supported by home WiFi routers
▸ Time to connect scales up to many devices
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REQUIREMENTS
▸ Does not require any extra hardware at the sensor
▸ Broadly supported by home WiFi routers
▸ Time to connect scales up to many devices
Uses standard WiFi to send and receive data
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REQUIREMENTS
▸ Does not require any extra hardware at the sensor
▸ Broadly supported by home WiFi routers
▸ Time to connect scales up to many devices
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Requires no changes to WiFi router
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REQUIREMENTS
▸ Does not require any extra hardware at the sensor
▸ Broadly supported by home WiFi routers
▸ Time to connect scales up to many devices
Takes constant time, regardless of the number of sensors connecting: 1.55 seconds to 23 seconds
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STRAP SUMMARY
▸ STRAP allows devices to send any data to unassociated wireless devices
▸ We use STRAP to send the network name and password
▸ Allows many devices to connect at once in constant time without requiring any extra hardware
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PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
▸ Having other people use our system lead to many interesting challenges:
▸ Managing deployments
▸ Bootstrapping WiFi connectivity
▸ Device observability
▸ Data privacy when moving sensors
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Solved
Future work
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DEVICE OBSERVABILITY MOTIVATION
▸ How can a remote manager know if a WiFi device is functioning or not?
▸ Problem is especially bad for difficult-to-access locations
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DISRUPTION TYPES
More Severe
Less Severe
Bug in code
Hardware malfunctionNo power
WiFi disconnection
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WIFI DISRUPTIONS
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DISRUPTION TYPES
More Severe
Less Severe
Bug in code
Hardware malfunctionNo power
WiFi disconnection
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Distinguish between WiFi disruptions and other types of disruptions
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LONGER RANGE COMMUNICATIONS COMPARED TO WIFI
▸ Cellular
▸ LoRa
▸ 802.11ah (HaLow)
▸ All solutions require different radios
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PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
▸ Having other people use our system lead to many interesting challenges:
▸ Managing deployments
▸ Bootstrapping WiFi connectivity
▸ Device observability
▸ Data privacy when moving sensors
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Solved
Future work
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DATA PRIVACY
▸ Sensor’s location is managed by metadata
▸ If metadata is not updated, system will attribute data to wrong location
▸ Sensors should learn location and detect when the location has changed
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SUMMARY
▸ We built EpiFi to make deploying and running epidemiological studies easier
▸ While building and deploying system, we ran into many challenges
▸ We solve management issues by building tools to view sensor status and export sensor data
▸ We solve the WiFi bootstrapping problem with STRAP
▸ Many more challenges that need to be solved!
▸ https://github.com/VDL-PRISM
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Questions
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