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AN INTERCONNECTION OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATOR (PVG)
With THE POWER UTILITES GRID :Study Cases
Dr. Maamar Taleb Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
University of Bahrain
Energy Economy & Energy Management Forum (EEEMF2015) for MENA & Fourth Renewable Energy National Dialogue -
Amman – JordanMay 18-20, 2015
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Agenda
• Motivation and Rationale• Conventional Way of Interconnection• Proposed Idea of Interconnection• PV Panels Characteristics• Control Strategy• Experimental Setup• Performance• Conclusions
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MOTIVATION AND RATIONALEGlobal Primary Energy Demand
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Biomass Other renewables
20052050
Fuente: IEA Energy Technology Perspectives 2008BLUE Map scenary: reducción global emisiones de CO2 en un 50% en 2050/2005
Prim
ary
ener
gysu
pply
(Mto
e)
Prim
ary
ener
gysu
pply
(Mto
e)
X6
Prim
ary
ener
gysu
pply
(Mto
e)
X3
X6
X3
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• US … 20% Wind by 2030 (1 % now)• EU … 20% Renewable Energy by 2020• China … 30 GW Wind by 2020• India … 12 GW Wind by 2012
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Europe´s commitment in the promotion of renewables: Directive 20/20
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Conventional Way of Interconnectioncontinued
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Initiative of Interconnection
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
-200
0
200
Vs
and
Vlo
ad
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.040
0.5
1
Pul
ses
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.040
0.2
0.4
Iload
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
-200
0
200
Vs
and
Vlo
ad
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.040
0.5
1
Pul
ses
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.040
5
10
15
Iload
)cos(1 KVLoad
030 090
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Proposed Way of Interconnection
_
+
PVG
Sm
oo
thin
g
Co
il
AC Main SupplyBridge Rectifier
AC
load
Rectifier
Firing angle Controller
DC
Vo
ltage S
ou
rce
Firing Pulses (900 ££1800)
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PV PanelsPhoto
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PV PanelsCircuit and Mathematical Model
gg
gg
CVBVA
VVocI
2
)(
gg
ggggg
CVBVA
VVocVIVP
2
)(
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PV MODEL PARAMETERS DETERMINATION
RL1= 23.8
RL2=13.5
RL3=4.3
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PV MODELParameters Determination
121
11
)(
mm
mm
CVBVA
VVocI
222
22
)(
mm
mm
CVBVA
VVocI
323
33
)(
mm
mm
CVBVA
VVocI
424
44
)(
mm
mm
CVBVA
VVocI
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PV Panels Characteristics
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400
1
2
3
4
5
Vg (Volt)
Ig (
A)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400
50
100
Vg (Volt)
Pg
(W)
(a)
11:00 am
1:00 pm
9:00 am
3:00 pm
11:00 am
3:00 pm1:00 pm
9:00 am
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Firing Angle ControllerBlock Diagram
Firing Pulses
Maximum Power Tracker
Pulses Generator
Desired Firing Angle
900 1800
Insolation Level
DC Side PowerPCC Voltage
Corresponding Maximum PVG
Power+
-
Measured PVG Power
Out = k if error > Out= 0 if - Error Out = - k if error < -
errorout
Output Conditionner Integrator & Limiter
Gain_____
S
Firing angle
1800
900
(a)
(b)
(c)
Synchronized Sawtooth Generator
Converter Of angle to Voltage Level
Fir in
g an
gle
AC M
ain
Volta
ge
Comparator
Firing Pulses
IInsolation
LevelPg,max
PPVG
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Experimental Setup
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Performance(before Interconnection of PV Panels)
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Performance(after Interconnection of PV Panels)
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Limitations & Drawbacks(Of Current Experimental Setup)
• Equipment Ratings
• Low Power Factor
• Harmonics Generation
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Harmonics Generation Solution
AC Main Supply
(i.e Power Grid)
Controlled Bridge Converter
Ps P W-
+
PW
Ph
Wind Driven DC Machine
Active Power Filter
is
ih
iw
Controlled Bridge Converter
Ppvg-
+
Ppvg
PhotoVoltaic Generator (i.e Solar
Pannels)
ipvg
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0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7
-2000
200
Vs (V
)
0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7-20
0
20Is
(A)
0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7-2
0
2
Iline
1 (A
)
0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7-10
010
Iline
2 (A
)
0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7-10
010
Iline
(A)
0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7-10
010
Ih &
Ihre
f (A)
time (s)
0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96
-2000
200
Vs (V
)
0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96-20
0
20
Is (A
)
0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96-2
0
2
Iline
1 (A
)0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96
-100
10
Iline
2 (A
)
0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96-10
010
Iline
(A)
0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96-10
010
Ih &
Ihre
f (A)
time (s)
1.16 1.18 1.2
-2000
200
Vs (V
)
1.16 1.18 1.2-20
0
20
Is (A
)
1.16 1.18 1.2-2
0
2
Iline
1 (A
)
1.16 1.18 1.2-10
010
Iline
2 (A
)
1.16 1.18 1.2-10
010
Iline
(A)
1.16 1.18 1.2-10
010
Ih &
Ihre
f (A)
time (s)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(a)
Harmonics Generation SolutionContinued
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Conclusions
• Interconnecting PVG source to a main AC supply was investigated.
- The interconnection was done using a bridge rectifier. The bridge rectifier was operated in an “inverter mode of operation”.
• Quite encouraging results were reached when taken under a
random insolation level. For an almost 130 W power required by an ac load connected at the ac side of the bridge, the PVG source contributed nearly 69.23 % of such power while the main ac supply supplied the rest 33.77 % of power to the AC load.
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