AN INTRODUCTION TO INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
1.212SPRING 2003
Professor Joseph M. Sussman
Mon/Wed 1-2:30
BLOCK 1(Lectures 1, 2)
INTRODUCTION TO ITS
Basic Concepts
February 5, 2003
SPEAKER: Joseph M. SussmanMIT
DEFINITION OF ITS
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) apply well-established technologies of communications, control, electronics and computer hardware and software to the surface transportation system.
WHAT 1.212 IS ABOUT
It’s a transportation class, with all that impliesIt’s a policy class -- how transportation relates to major societal goalsIt’s a technology development and deployment classIt’s a complex system (CLIOS) classIt’s a “Regions” class
PlanningArchitecture
It’s an organizations/institutions classIt’s an advanced research ideas class
1.212 CLASS SYLLABUS
Spring 2003
Block Topic Lectures
1 Introduction to ITS, including where ITS fits; roles andresponsibilities
2
2 Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS), includingfunctionality; business models; field trip to SmartRoute Systems
3
3 Advanced Transportation Management Systems (ATMS),including network operations; incident detection, metrics;example deployments
3
4 Fleet-oriented ITS services, including Advanced PublicTransportation Systems (APTS); Commercial Vehicle Operations(CVO); Intermodal Freight, including International Operations
3
5 ITS and Technology, including automated highway systems(AHS); sensors, electronic toll collection (ETC); dedicated shortrange communication
2
6 Regionally-scaled ITS deployment, including regionalarchitecture; organizational and institutional issues; standards;developed vs. developing countries; ITS and strategic regionaltransportation planning
6
7 Critical ITS Issues, including (as time permits) ITS and security;safety; human factors; privacy; sustainability; funding (ascontrasted with conventional infrastructure); technologydeployment/R&D/policy; other institutional issues
4
8 Conclusion, including regional architecture presentation; thefuture of ITS
3
1.212 CLASS SYLLABUS1.212 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
SPRING 2003
TEACHING GRID (ACTUAL) WEEK OF MONDAY WEDNESDAY
February 3 Registration Day 1 Intro to ITS, organization of subject, history, JS
February 10 2 Intro, JS 3 ATIS, JS
February 17 * Class actually scheduled for Tues, 2/18
ATIS--SmartRoute Systems Field Trip
SNOW DAY--CLASSES CANCELED
4 ATIS, JS
February 24 5 ATIS: What Information People Want and Use, Jane Lappin
6 ATIS SmartRoute Systems Field Trip
March 3 7 ATMS/ATIS, JS 8 ATMS: Dynamic Route Guidance -- Vehicle-centric, Jennifer Farver
March 10 9 Article for discussion: Congestion Pricing/London, JS
10 ATIS -- Reliability; debrief of Jennifer Farver’s talk, JS
March 17 11 CVO, Michael Wolfe 12 CVO, JS
March 24 SPRING BREAK
March 31 13 Technology/Sensors, Rory O'Connor
14 ITS-MA Annual Meeting -- Boston
April 7 15 ITS-MA debrief, JS 16 APTS, JS
April 14 17 Regions, Rebecca Dodder on Bay Area (Chisholm/informal coordination)
18 Regions, Matthew Edelman--Transcom and Blue Collar Regionalism
April 21 Patriot's Day--NO CLASS 19 Regions, Jonathan Gifford--Organizations and Operations
April 28 20 Regions, JS 21 Regions, JS
May 5 22 Individual meeting with the two groups -- Preliminary KL Architecture Ideas, JS
23 Regions, JS
May 12 24 Conclusions -- The future of ITS, JS; Student evaluations
25 Student KL Arch presentations; Closing Comments
STUDENT REQUIREMENTS
1. One short (7 pages) assignment.2. “Mini” Term Paper (about 10 pages -- topic to
be “negotiated” with Professor Sussman); submitted right after Spring Break.A. Critical review of selected ITS literatureB. A paper or analysis on some topic of interest to
you.3. Readings4. Group Regional Architecture Project (second
half of semester)5. Discussion Articles -- We will distribute several
articles that will be discussed (interactively) at the next lecture. We will ask you to write a brief summary of the article to be submitted before the discussion.
6. Class Participation
BIG ITS IDEAS
The ITS-4 TechnologiesThe ITS Insight: Linkage of Vehicle and InfrastructureRegionalismIntermodalismInformationMobilityThe Potential of PricingInstitution Building
andInstitutional ChangeNationally-Consistent SystemInternationally-Consistent System
THE FUNDAMENTAL ITS INSIGHT
Linkage of vehicle and transportation infrastructure through ITS infrastructure.
VEHICLE
ITS INFRASTRUCTURE
SENSORS
COMMUNICATIONS
IT
ALGORITHMS
TRANSPORTATION
INFRASTRUCTURE(BROADLY DEFINED)
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM DIMENSIONS
ORGANIZATIONAL SCALE
Integrated Supply Chain
Intermodal
Modal
GEOGRAPHICSCALE
Urban Regional National Global
Real-Time
TacticalPlanning
StrategicPlanning
TIME SCALEAPPROACHES
Quantitative Models (OR, Simulation, …)Qualitative Frameworks for AnalysisTransportation Domain Knowledge
DRIVING FACTORS IN TRANSPORTATION
TECHNOLOGIES
RESOURCES /EXTERNALITIES
ISSUESEconomic DevelopmentQuality of LifeSocial EquitySustainabilityEnvironmental Issues
INSTITUTIONAL AND
ORGANIZATIONAL REALITIES
BIG, WORLD-WIDE CHANGES
Mid-1980s to the Present --
WHERE DOES ITS (AND, MORE BROADLY, TRANSPORTATION) FIT?
CONTEXT
Transportation at a “Crossroads”(Congestion, Safety, Environment, Energy and Productivity)Can’t build our way out of itITS Addresses All These Key IssuesTechnology -- No Breakthrough NeededInstitutions -- PartnershipsTransportation -- Information InfrastructureBroad-based Set of Benefits
GOALS FOR ITS IN THE U.S.
Improved SafetyReduced CongestionIncreased and Higher Quality MobilityReduced Environmental ImpactImproved Energy EfficiencyImproved Economic ProductivityA Viable U.S.ITS Industry
VISION
A national system that operates consistently and efficiently across the U.S. to promote the safe, orderly and expeditious movement of people and goods.An efficient public system that interacts smoothly with improved highway operations.A vigorous U.S. ITS industry supplying both domestic and international needs.
ITS “RECENT”U.S. HISTORY
Early 1970s Electronic Route Guidance (ERGS)
1986 California (CALTRANS)1987 Federal government (FHWA)1990 Mobility 20001991 Formation of ITS America1991-2 Strategic Plan Development1991 ISTEA (Intermodal Surface
Transportation Efficiency Act)1994 ITS Architecture Contracts1996 Major Regional Initiatives1997 Automated Highway
Demonstration in San Diego1998 TEA-212002/3 Ten-Year ITS Plan2003/4 TEA-21 Reauthorization
FUNDAMENTAL ATMS/ATIS SYSTEMS
VEHICLE
INFRASTRUCTURE
V
I
TRANSPORTATION
OPERATIONS
CENTER
(TOC)
ATMS - - ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENTSYSTEM
(OPERATOR)
ATIS - - ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEM(CUSTOMER)
SOME FUNCTIONS
Manage and monitor the network traffic flowsProvide information on the state of the networkFleet management (vehicle location)
Trucks Buses
Monitoring vehicle condition and statusTrucks Buses
Autonomous systemsVehicle statusIntelligent cruise controlObstacle detection
SOME KEY ITS CONCEPTS (I)
The Need for Organization InnovationPublic/Private PartnershipAll Levels of GovernmentChanges in the Definition of a “Transportation Professional”Academic/Research Role
Building a U.S. ITS Industry/Test of the Marketplace
International Competition for the ITS MarketThe Role of the Auto ManufacturerThe Role of the Information Service ProvidersThe Size of the Public and Private MarketsITS as a National SystemStandards and Protocols
SOME KEY ITS CONCEPTS (II)
Productivity and International Competitiveness
CongestionSafetySustainability
EnvironmentEnergy
MobilityLimits on “Build More Highways” OptionITS as an Enabling Technology --
The TRANSPORTATION/ INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTUREAn Extended Definition of InfrastructureIntegration of IT, Communications, Sensors
Spending on Infrastructure WorksProductivity ImprovementsExamples:
Interstate SystemAir System
ITS and the Regional Scale
INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES
Privacy/enforcementAnti-trustWho is in Charge?
Public/Private PartnershipInternational CooperationTort LiabilityProcurementMarketplace
INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES
Interagency Coordination and Cooperation
Metropolitan Area Traffic ManagementFederal and State Departments and Agencies
Adaptation of Existing Posers and Organizational FormsCollaborative vs. Adversarial ApproachesPublic/Private Partnership Agreements
INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMS (ITS)
VEHICLE
INFRASTRUCTURE
V
I
TRANSPORTATION
OPERATIONS
CENTER
(TOC)
ATMS - - ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENTSYSTEM
(OPERATOR)
ATIS - - ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEM(CUSTOMER)
DISCUSSION: What specific actions can ATMS take to improve network performance?
STATIC INFORMATION SEMIDYNAMIC (E.G., NETWORK INFORMATION TOPOGRAPHY) (E.G., CONSTRUCTION)
DYNAMIC INFORMATION “E”-INFORMATION FROM
ATMS FIELD IN REAL-TIME - - - - - - - - - E.G., VOLUMES ESTIMATE SPEEDS NETWORK STATE QUEUES
NON-“E”-INFORMATION E.G., SPOTTER AIRCRAFT STATE POLICE
GENERATE ATIS NETWORK - - - - - - - - - STRATEGIES INFORMATION TO TRAVELERS E.G., DYNAMIC ROUTING
INFORMATION TO PREDICTION OF FUTURE INDIVIDUAL VEHICLES NETWORK STATE AS E.G., VARIABLE MESSAGE F (STRATEGY) SIGNS INCLUDING “GUESSES” ABOUT TRAVELER REACTION TO ATIS ACTUAL CHANGE IN TRAVELER BEHAVIOR? SELECT AND DEPLOY STRATEGY
TRANSPORTATION AND CHANGE
Our transportation system provides fundamental and basic services to society, and has done so for thousands of years.
However, as we begin the 21st century, the field is subject to many changes. These transitions occur on the dimensions of technology, systems and institutions and characterize the field in its broadest sense.
TRANSITIONS
What are these transitions?
What do they mean for the education of the “New Transportation Professional”?
COMPLEXITY
Complexity as in CLIOS (Sussman, “The New Transportation Faculty: The Evolution to Engineering Systems”, Transportation Quarterly, Summer 1999):A system is complex when it is composed of a group of related units (subsystems), for which the degree and nature of the relationships is imperfectly known. Its overall behavior is difficult to predict, even when subsystem behavior is readily predictable. Further, the time-scales of various subsystems may be very different (as we can see in transportation -- land-use changes, for example, vs. operating decisions).
SUMMARY OF TRANSITIONS
FROM TO
1. CAPITAL M ANAGEMENT
PLANNING AND OPERATIONS
FOCUS
2. LONG REAL-TIME
TIMEFRAMES CONTROL
3. URBAN SCALE REGIONAL SCALE
PLANNING PLANNING
AND OPERATIONS AND OPERATIONS
4. EMPHASIS ON EMPHASIS ON
M OBILITY ACCESSIBILITY(THE TRANSPORTATION /LAND-USE CONNECTION )
5. CUSTOMER
“O NE SIZE ORIENTATION
FITS ALL” QUALITY
SERVICE PRICING FOR
SERVICE
FROM TO
6. ALLOCATE ALLOCATE
CAPACITY CAPACITY
BY QUEUING BY PRICING
7. AGGREGATE DISAGGREGATE
METHODS FOR METHODS FOR
DEMAND PREDICTION DEMAND PREDICTION
8. EPISODIC DATA DYNAMIC DATA
FOR FOR
INVESTMENT PLANNING INVESTMENT PLANNING(AND OPERATIONS)
9. PRIVATE AND PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
PUBLIC FINANCING FOR FINANCING
FOR OF INFRASTRUCTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS
AND OPERATIONS USING HYBRID RETURN
ON INVESTMENT
MEASURES
10. INFRASTRUCTURE NEW HIGH-CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY
MAINTENANCE PROVIDERS PLAYERS
FROM TO
11. STATIC DYNAMIC
ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS
AND INSTITUTIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL
RELATIONSHIPS RELATIONSHIPS
12. PROFESSIONAL
PROFESSIONAL EMPHASIS ON
EMPHASIS ON TRANSPORTATION
DESIGN OF PHYSICAL AS A COMPLEX ,INFRASTRUCTURE LARGE-SCALE,
INTEGRATED, OPEN
SYSTEM (CLIOS)
13. ECONOMIC SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
14. COMPUTERS ARE UBIQUITOUS
“JUST A TOOL” COMPUTING
15. FROM TO AND ON TO
SUPPLY-SIDE SUPPLY/DEMAND SYSTEMS THAT
PERSPECTIVE EQUILIBRIUM NEVER REACH
FRAMEWORK EQUILIBRIUM
FROM TO
16. INDEPENDENT LINKED ADVANCED
CONVENTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS REQUIRING
PROJECTS A SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
17. VEHICLES AND VEHICLES AND
INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE AS
AS INDEPENDENT ELECTRONICALLY
LINKED
18. REDUCING
CONSEQUENCES CRASH AVOIDANCE
OF CRASHES
19. FROM TO AND ON TO
MODAL INTERMODAL SUPPLY CHAIN
PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE MANAGEMENT
20. NARROW THE NEW
TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION
SPECIALISTS PROFESSIONAL