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AN INTRODUCTION TO
SPSS
www.danielboduszek.com [email protected]
Daniel Boduszek University of Huddersfield
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Outline
Beginning SPSS session
Defining the variables
Entering and modifying data
Useful SPSS features
Screening & cleaning the data
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Beginning SPSS session
Click on the SPSS shortcut button on your desktop. OR
Go to START, click on All PROGRAMS, and click on SPSS
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Basics
Toolbar: contains icons to facilitate easy point and click operations
Open files Undo last operation
Save data Redo last operation
Print file Insert case
Find data Insert variable
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Basics
Menu Bar: provides a series of “drop down” commands to perform most essential SPSS functions.
File: These are the basic file management operations.
e.g. opening, saving, and printing files
Edit: This allows you to perform editing functions on the current data set.
e.g. cut, copy, clear, undo changes and redo changes
View: Allows you to change the current view of data, as well as toolbar options.
e.g. grid lines, value labels
Data: These functions deal with the configuration, defining, and management of data.
e.g. insert variables/cases, sort data, merge files
Transform: This allows you to transform the data set you’ve entered.
e.g. calculating new variables, recoding, missing values
Analyze: Includes the main data analysis functions.
e.g. descriptive statistics, t-Tests, ANOVA, correlation
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Defining the variables
Variable View – define your variables
Data View - enter your raw data
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Procedure for defining variables
Click on Variable View
Each row represents a different variable that you will use in your analysis.
At the very least you need to enter a name for each variable
SPSS limits you to a name between 1-8 characters long.
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Procedure for defining variables
TYPE
The default is numeric data.
The most common format change is to “string” data, which will allow you to enter words rather than numbers.
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Procedure for defining variables
Width
This allows you to set the maximum number of digits (or letters in a string format) you can enter in cell.
The decimal and all decimal points count as digits in the width.
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Procedure for defining variables
DECIMALS
This indicates how many decimal points you can have in your cell.
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Procedure for defining variables
LABEL
Because the variable name can only be 8 characters long, you can enter a longer description of the variable here.
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Procedure for defining variables
Values – define the meaning of the values you have used to code your variables
Click on the 3 dots on the right-hand side of the cell. This opens Value Label box
Click in box Value. Type in 1.
In Label box tape “NonV” (Non-violent offenders)
Click on Add
Repeat for Violent offenders
Click OK
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Procedure for defining variables
Missing – missing value (-9)
Columns – set at 8
Align – set at Right
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Procedure for defining variables
Measure – level of measurement Scale (interval or ratio)
Nominal (categorical)
Ordinal (ranking data)
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Entering Data
Click on Data View tab at the bottom left hand side of the SPSS window
A spreadsheet should appear with your defined variable names listed across the top
Click on the first cell of the data set and type in the number (value)
Participants
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Modifying the data file
Delete a case – move down to the case (row) and press Delete button
Insert a case between existing cases – move cursor to a cell (row) immediately below where you want the new case to appear
Click on Edit menu and Insert Cases
Delete variable – highlight the variable (column) and press Delete
Insert a variable between existing variables - move cursor to a variable (column) to the right of where you want the new variable to appear.
Click on Edit menu and Insert Variable
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Useful SPSS Features
Split the data file – to run analysis for groups (violent offenders and non-violent offenders) Click on the Data menu and Split File
Click on Compare groups and specify the grouping variable (e.g. Type of criminal)
Click OK
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Useful SPSS Features
Select Cases – e.g. only violent offenders in your analysis Click Data and Select Cases option
Click If condition is satisfied button
Click If
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Useful SPSS Features
Choose the group variable (type of criminals) and move into the box
Click on the “=“ key and type in the value that corresponds to the group you are interested in
This example - Violent offenders = 2 Click Continue Click OK
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Screening & Cleaning the Data
Step 1: Checking the Errors Checking categorical variables
Analyse, then click on Descriptive Statistics, then Frequencies
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Screening & Cleaning the Data
Choose the variable and move it into Variable box
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Screening & Cleaning the Data
Click on Statistics.
Tick Minimum and Maximum in the Dispersion section
Click Continue and OK
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Check your Minimum and Maximum – Do they make sense?
Check Valid and Missing cases
Screening & Cleaning the Data
Statistics
Type of Criminals
N Valid 89
Missing 0
Minimum 1.00
Maximum 2.00
Type of Criminals
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid 1.00 NonV 45 50.6 50.6 50.6
2.00 Violant 44 49.4 49.4 100.0
Total 89 100.0 100.0
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Screening & Cleaning the Data
Checking continuous variables Analyze, then Descriptive statistics, then Descriptives.
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Move your continuous variable into Variables box
Screening & Cleaning the Data
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Click Options button
Click on the statistics
you wish to generate
Continue
OK
Screening & Cleaning the Data
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Check the Minimum and Maximum values
Check the Mean
Screening & Cleaning the Data
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Criminal Thinking 89 10.00 43.00 29.1685 7.90747
Valid N (listwise) 89
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Case Summaries – allows you to select and display specific
pieces of information for each case
Analyze, go to Reports and choose Case Summaries
Screening & Cleaning the Data
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Choose ID variable and other variables.
Remove the tick from the Limit cases to first 100
Screening & Cleaning the Data
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Click on the Statistics and remove Number of cases from the Cell Statistics
Click Continue
Screening & Cleaning the Data
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Click on Options and remove the tick from Subheadings for totals
Continue
OK
Screening & Cleaning the Data
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SPSS Output
Screening & Cleaning the Data
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Included Excluded Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
ID Number 89 100.0% 0 .0% 89 100.0%
Age 88 98.9% 1 1.1% 89 100.0%
Type of Criminals 89 100.0% 0 .0% 89 100.0%
Level of Recidivism 89 100.0% 0 .0% 89 100.0%
Criminal Thinking 89 100.0% 0 .0% 89 100.0%
Neuroticism 89 100.0% 0 .0% 89 100.0%
Extraversion 89 100.0% 0 .0% 89 100.0%
Psychoticism 89 100.0% 0 .0% 89 100.0%
Parental Supervision 89 100.0% 0 .0% 89 100.0%
Criminal Identity 89 100.0% 0 .0% 89 100.0%
Criminal Identity2 89 100.0% 0 .0% 89 100.0%
Criminal Identity3 89 100.0% 0 .0% 89 100.0%
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Case Summaries
ID Number Age
Type of
Criminals
Level of
Recidivism
Criminal
Thinking Neuroticism Extraversion Psychoticism
Parental
Supervision Criminal Identity
Criminal
Identity2
Criminal
Identity3
1 1 3 36 and
more
2.00 Violant 3.00 35.00 5.00 6.00 3.00 12.00 25.00 30.00 40.00
2 2 2 26 - 35 1.00 NonV 3.00 40.00 1.00 4.00 6.00 12.00 25.00 30.00 40.00
3 3 2 26 - 35 1.00 NonV 3.00 32.00 3.00 5.00 3.00 10.00 22.00 32.00 40.00
4 4 3 36 and
more
1.00 NonV 4.00 24.00 3.00 5.00 1.00 23.00 17.00 27.00 37.00
5 5 3 36 and
more
1.00 NonV 1.00 10.00 1.00 3.00 2.00 24.00 -9.00 -9.00 -9.00
6 6 3 36 and
more
1.00 NonV 3.00 35.00 5.00 1.00 1.00 11.00 33.00 38.00 40.00
7 7 3 36 and
more
1.00 NonV 3.00 37.00 4.00 1.00 2.00 17.00 8.00 12.00 20.00
8 8 3 36 and
more
1.00 NonV 8.00 23.00 4.00 4.00 1.00 14.00 16.00 26.00 29.00
9 9 3 36 and
more
1.00 NonV 2.00 15.00 2.00 1.00 .00 18.00 21.00 31.00 40.00
10 10 2 26 - 35 2.00 Violant 1.00 23.00 6.00 4.00 1.00 8.00 22.00 32.00 40.00
11 11 2 26 - 35 2.00 Violant 1.00 21.00 3.00 1.00 2.00 15.00 18.00 28.00 38.00
12 12 2 26 - 35 2.00 Violant 4.00 41.00 5.00 6.00 1.00 12.00 21.00 28.00 38.00
13 13 3 36 and
more
2.00 Violant 2.00 27.00 .00 6.00 2.00 13.00 14.00 24.00 34.00
14 14 2 26 - 35 2.00 Violant 6.00 35.00 4.00 5.00 1.00 12.00 19.00 29.00 39.00
15 15 1 18 - 25 2.00 Violant 2.00 40.00 6.00 3.00 1.00 17.00 35.00 38.00 40.00
16 16 1 18 - 25 1.00 NonV 2.00 34.00 1.00 6.00 6.00 9.00 -9.00 -9.00 -9.00
17 17 2 26 - 35 1.00 NonV 4.00 24.00 3.00 6.00 1.00 13.00 13.00 23.00 25.00
18 18 2 26 - 35 1.00 NonV 3.00 37.00 6.00 6.00 3.00 13.00 30.00 35.00 40.00
19 19 1 18 - 25 2.00 Violant 2.00 42.00 4.00 6.00 4.00 15.00 23.00 33.00 40.00
20 20 3 36 and
more
1.00 NonV 10.00 43.00 5.00 6.00 3.00 13.00 26.00 36.00 40.00
21 21 2 26 - 35 1.00 NonV 1.00 28.00 2.00 3.00 2.00 14.00 21.00 31.00 40.00
22 22 1 18 - 25 1.00 NonV 2.00 28.00 2.00 5.00 1.00 14.00 12.00 22.00 32.00
23 23 1 18 - 25 1.00 NonV 2.00 31.00 2.00 6.00 2.00 10.00 18.00 28.00 38.00
24 24 1 18 - 25 2.00 Violant 4.00 27.00 1.00 6.00 1.00 15.00 20.00 30.00 40.00
25 25 3 36 and
more
1.00 NonV 1.00 36.00 5.00 3.00 1.00 17.00 19.00 29.00 39.00
26 26 3 36 and
more
2.00 Violant 1.00 25.00 .00 5.00 3.00 16.00 8.00 18.00 28.00
27 27 2 26 - 35 1.00 NonV 2.00 21.00 3.00 4.00 1.00 13.00 10.00 20.00 30.00