An Operator’s View on Deepwater Floating Systems and Technology DevelopmentMing-Yao LeeManager of Offshore & Marine EngineeringChevron Energy Technology Company
SMART 100Symposium on MArine Resource & Technology
Taipei, TaiwanOctober 16, 2011
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Presentation Outline
Why Deep Water?
Overview of Floating System Concepts
Concept Selection Process and Criteria
Deepwater Design Challenges
Chevron’s Deepwater Project Experiences
New and Emerging Floating System Concepts
Concluding Remarks
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Why Deep Water? – Easy Oil is Gone!
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Opportunities of floating system technologies for enabling solutions
Mitigation of risks associated with use of new technology
Building collaborative & productive partnerships to leverage project experience and accelerate technology deployment
What does it mean:
Harsher environments
Deeper waters
Lack of infrastructures
What can we do about it:
Courtesy of Bluewater
Deepwater Resource is Significant
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7500 ft
5000 ft
1000
ft15
00ft
ReservesMMBOE
Water Depthft
1 – 495 – 249250+
1,000 – 1,499 1,500 – 4,9995,000 – 7,499>7,500
Estimated Volume of Gulf of Mexico Deepwater FieldsOCS Report: MMS 2009-016
Chevron and the Worldwide Portfolio Long-term global deepwater offshore growth expected
2011–2015 deepwater expenditures estimated to be over $200 B, ~75% increase over the previous five years
The “Golden Triangle” still dominate, growth in Asia Pacific will be significant
5
Worldwide Producing Deepwater (DW) Basins
Other DW Basins
Global Forecast of FPS Spending
Chevron Participation
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What Concepts Are in Use?
FPSOs continue to dominate concept selection primarily from lack of pipeline infrastructure.
Driven by drilling, completion and well intervention costs, other concepts have become more important such as:
• Semi-submersibles
• Tension leg platforms (TLPs)
• Spars
6
Global Forecast of FPS Hull Type
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Proven Floating Concepts
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7
Wet-Tree SolutionsDry- or Wet-Tree Solutions
Spar Good heave
motions
▬ Vortex-induced motion (VIM)
▬ Size-limited
TLP Minimum heave
▬ Weight-sensitive
▬ Depth-limited
Semi-Submersible Quayside
integration
▬ Riser fatigue
FPSO Storage capacity Quayside integration
▬ Riser interface
▬ Riser fatigue
Looking at Water Depth
8
TLPs: Depth-limited due to conventional tendon design restrictions.
Semis: Increasingly popular due to depth insensitive and quayside integration and might soon be used for dry-tree applications.
Cascade/Chinook: Soon to be the first GOM FPSO
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Multiple Concepts Needed for Opportunities
Large overlaps reinforce the need for concept evaluation and selection during early phase of a project.
There are a number of opportunities where only a single concept is practical.
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Water Depth vs. Production Capacity
1,000 -
3,000 -
5,000 -
7,000 -
9,000 -
0 100 200 300 400
Production Capacity (Mboe/day)
Water Depth (ft)
Spar
TLP
Semi
FPSO
Concept Selection Process
10
Region and Location Reservoir Management
CommercialHull TechnicalHull motion
characteristics
Risersystem
Waterdepth
MetoceanProduction
only?
Drilling?
Directverticalaccessof wells
Productionrate andreservoir
aerial extent
Exportoptions
or storagerequirements
Cost
Hull Concept Selection
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Motion Characteristics of Floating Hulls
11
Note: Hull motions are minimized by keeping outside the area of wave energy.
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5 20Wave Period (Seconds)
TLP
Ship Beam
Ship Bow
Semi Spar
Natural Periods of MotionVertical motions are
controlled by tendonsVertical motions are controlled by hull configuration
Spread moored
Vertically moored
Sea Energy
Summary of Basic Concept Features
12
Spar TLP Deep-Draft Semi
FPSO
TurretSpread Moored
Export Alternatives
Pipeline Pipeline PipelinePipeline/ Tanker
Pipeline/ Tanker
Water Depth Up to 8,000 ft 400 to 6,000 ft 800 to 8,000 ft 50 to 8,000 ft 50 to 8,000 ft
Topside Weight Requirements
Up to 20,000t Up to 20,000t Up to 40,000t Up to 40,000t Up to 40,000t
Metocean Characteristics by Region
All All All AllNot harsh conditions
Riser SystemTop-tensioned, SCR*, Flexible,
Tower
Top-tensioned, SCR, Flexible,
Tower
SCR, Flexible, Tower
Flexible, SCR, Tower
Flexible, SCR, Tower
Dry or Wet Trees
Dry or Wet Dry or Wet Wet Wet Wet
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*Steel catenary riser (SCR)
Key Concept Selection Criteria
Technical Feasibility; support all equipment for operations while meeting all performance criteria
Maturity of Design
• Technical robustness
• Historical performance
• Experience of people involved
Costs and Risks
• CAPEX / OPEX
• Project Execution Plan
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Ultra-Deep Water Has Other Challenges
Design Challenges Capability to predict and verify
response behavior of entire floating system
Testing facilities cannot model floating systems with complete mooring lines and risers
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-5000
0
5000
-5000
0
5000
X Y
ZDeepStar SEMI(Floater + Mooring + Risers)
Stress Engineering Services, Inc.Oct. 5, 2004
Frame 001 05 Oct 2004
Key Questions* To what extent can the truncated
test be done? Can the numerical analysis
reproduce the test results? Can the full-depth extrapolation
capture the coupling effects, e.g., “tail wagging the dog”?
*Ref: Lee & Ma, DOT 2008
Compromise
Model Scale (- Water Depth)
Typical Range1:50 – 1:100
Unc
erta
intie
sPhy
sical
Testi
ngNumerical
Interpretation
1:100 model in a 10m deep wave basin for 1500m full water depth
Ever-Changing Environment:100-year Hs Contours
Based on Passage of More Large Storms
15
Hs (m)
Several large storms passing west of central GOM could change platform design statistics further, widen perceived intense area of Gulf*
???
Hot spot
*Ref: OTC 18903 & 196022011 Chevron U.S.A., Inc. All rights reserved.
JSM(7,000’)
BGF(5,200’)
How do we handle
uncertainty in this area?
16
Example Changes: Central GOM
16
Example, 100-year Hs,
Central GOM:
2003 was 13.5 m
2008 now 15.5+ m
25 50 100 200 500 10006
8
10
12
14
16
181900-2003 Hs Extremes, Central GOM (Weibull)
Hs
(m)
Return Period (years)
RP CDF Fit 25 10.7 10.6 50 12.7 12.2 100 13.8 13.7 200 14.1 15.0 500 0.0 16.7 1000 0.0 17.9
Data
Fit k = 1.3
10 25 50 100 200 50010006
8
10
12
14
16
18
201950-2008 Hs Extremes, Central GOM (Weibull)
Hs
(m)
Return Period (years)
RP CDF Fit 10 9.5 10.1 25 13.6 13.0 50 14.4 14.5 100 15.6 15.7 200 16.1 16.7 500 0.0 18.0 1000 0.0 18.8
Data
Fit k = 2.2
Ad
d la
rge
sto
rms,
elim
inat
e ea
rly
dat
a…
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Chevron Installations and Constructions
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FPSO/FSOKuitoSanha*Kome Kribi*Moho-Bilondo*N’KossaNegageLucapa
FPSO*Cossack Pioneer
FPSO*Hai Yang Shi You*Nan Hai Fa Zian*Bohai Shi Ji
FPSO/FSOAgbami
Escravos LPG*Usan
FPSOFrade*Papa Terra
SparGenesis
Tahiti*Mad Dog
*Perdido
Semi-SubmersibleBlind Faith
Jack/St. Malo
Compliant TowerPetronius
TLPBig Foot
FSU/FPSOAlba/CaptainRosebank
FPSO*Terra Nova
FPSOTantawan
Benchamas Explorer
Pattani Spirit
FPSO*Intan*PBS&J San JacintoGendalo-Geham
TLPWest Seno
* Non-Operated Joint VentureIn Design
Compliant TowerBBLT
Tombua-Landana
Recent Chevron Floating Projects
18
Used a system approach in concept selection – coupled hull, mooring and riser solutions
The Chevron Way at its best: people, partnership and performance – health, environment and safety
Integrated operations and project teams early in the process
Aligned company and contractor – contracting strategy
Guard unknownsin deepwater operations, especially contingency of vessel and equipment – crane limit, vessel breakdown
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OTC 20249OTC 19857
Blind Faith 4Q 2008 Tahiti 2Q 2009Frade 1Q 2009Agbami 3Q 2008
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Jack & St Malo semi
Big Foot TLP
Papa Terra TLWP
Current Floating Systems Projects in Design
Dry Tree Facilities for Ultra-Deep and Large Payload
No proven dry-tree concepts
TLP limited by Water Depth
Spar limited by Payload
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New Enabling or Enhancing Concepts
21
Circular-shaped FPSOsto reduce CAPEX Better hull steel efficiency
Simplified constructability
No turret (even in harsh conditions)
FPSO withdrilling capability Reduce
development drilling cost
Increase oil recovery
Azurite FPSO photo courtesy of Murphy Oil Company2011 Chevron U.S.A., Inc. All rights reserved.
Dry-tree semis to reduce CAPEX and increase flexibility Higher topsides weight
Deeper dry-tree developments
Quayside integration
Octabuoy
Pair-C Semi Aker Dry Tree Semi
Sevan SSPAzurite FDPSO
MinDOC
Chevron Technology Qualification Process
“All new technologies that will, by the end of Select (i.e. prior to FEED), have been proven either through field trials, extensive testing, or successful application in a parallel industry, shall be considered.”
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Example: Dry-Tree Semi Issues Hull motions to accommodate proven
riser tensioning systems Constructability of new hull forms
and/or critical components Minimize risks of new technologies
Deep water will require a large portfolio of projects to be developed with floating production systems.
Development opportunities often call for floating system concept evaluation and selection.
A more standardized concept selection process is needed.
Focus on new developments of enabling/ enhancing concepts, and be open to new technologies.
Dry trees and/or platform drilling arelikely to become more important, to increase recovery and reduce cost.
Operation’s input early and throughout the floating system project will pay significant dividends.
Concluding Remarks
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Thank You!
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Questions?
New floating system technologies are required to address ever increasing water depth and large topside challenges
Experience, technology and perseverance enable us to overcome challenges and deliver value
Collaborative and productive partnership will accelerate technology development and deployment