Download - Analysis Of Biomass And Biofuels
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With your favorite host
Vignesh Sridharan
Guests on today’s show
K. Vaideesh Subbaraj
Shivendra Upadhyay
M. Vishwanath
Analysis of Biomass and Biofuels as source of energy
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Technology and
Environmental Impact
of Biomass & Biofuels
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Technology
• Biomass technology today serves many markets that were developed with fossil fuels and modestly reduces their use
• Uses - Industrial process heat and steam,
Electrical power generation, Transportation fuels (ethanol and biodiesel) and other products.
• Primary focus of the Biomass Program – development of advanced technologies.
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Current Focus
• Platform technologies
• Sugar Platform Technology
• Thermochemical Platform Technology
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Bio-refinery
• A facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass.
• Analogous to today's petroleum refineries
• It is based on the “Sugar Platform“ and the “Thermochemical Platform“
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Liquid Fuel Technology
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Bio-diesel
• Made by transforming animal fat or vegetable oil with alcohol .
• Fuel is made from rapeseed (canola) oil or soybean oil or recycled restaurant grease.
• Directly substituted for diesel either as neat fuel or as an oxygenate additive
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Modified Waste Vegetable Fat• Designed for general use in most
compression ignition engines .
• The production of MWVF can be achieved in a continuous flow additive process.
• It can be modified in various ways to make a 'greener' form of fuel
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E-Diesel
• Uses additives in order to allow blending of
ethanol with diesel.
• Ethanol blends of 7.7% to 15% and up to 5%
• Additives that prevent the ethanol and diesel from separating at very low temperatures or if water contamination occurs.
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Jatropha
• Biodiesel from Jatropha
• Seeds of the Jatropha nut is crushed and oil is extracted
• The oil is processed and refined to form bio-diesel.
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Gaseous fuel
Technology
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Gasification Technology
• Gobar gas Production
• Biogas
• Synthesis gas
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Gasification
• A process that uses heat, pressure, and steam to convert materials directly into a gas composed primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
• Gasification technologies rely four key engineering factors
1. Gasification reactor atmosphere (level of oxygen or air content).
2. Reactor design. 3. Internal and external heating. 4. Operating temperature.
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Gasification
• Typical raw materials - coal, petroleum-based materials, and organic materials.
• The feedstock is prepared and fed, in either dry or slurried form, into a sealed reactor chamber called a gasifier.
• The feedstock is subjected to high heat, pressure, and either an oxygen-rich or oxygen-starved environment within the gasifier.
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Raw Materials for Gasification
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Gasification
• Products of gasification : * Hydrocarbon gases (also called
syngas). * Hydrocarbon liquids (oils). * Char (carbon black and ash).
• Syngas is primarily carbon monoxide and hydrogen (more than 85 percent by volume) and smaller quantities of carbon dioxide and methane
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Gasifier Plant
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Gasifier Plant
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Types of Gasifiers
• Updraft Gasifier
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Types of Gasifiers
• Downdraft Gasifier
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Types of Gasifiers
• Twin-fire Gasifier
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Types of Gasifiers
• Crossdraft gas producers
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Gobar gas
• Gobar gas production is an anaerobic process
• Fermentation is carried out in an air tight, closed cylindrical concrete tank called a digester
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Solid Fuel
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Wood
• Domestic heating with wood is still by far the largest market for bio-energy
• Dramatic improvements of technology in domestic heating equipment
• Improved tiled stoves, advanced logwood boilers, woodchip boilers, pellet boilers and pellet stoves.
• Pourable wood-based fuel is also available
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Tiled stoves
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Pellet Boilers and Stoves
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Logwood boiler
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Woodchip boilers
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Environmental Concerns
• Air Pollution
• Soil Deterioration
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Air Concerns
• Biomass processing technologies and biofuels use have the potential to increase emissions of ozone precursors
o Increase in Nox emissions
•Excessive inhalation of ethanol is harmful
•Combustion of ethanol would result in increased atmospheric concentrations of carcinogens
• Emission of relatively large sized particulate matter
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Soil Concerns
• Burning biomass deprives local eco-systems of nutrients
• Production of dedicated energy crops renders land fallow
• Reduced land availability for cattle grazing
•Increased use of pesticides and fertilizers to produce energy crops contaminate ground and surface water
o Affects fish and wildlife
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Environmental Benefits
•Reduction of waste
• Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuels
• Ethanol is Carbon neutral and forms a part of the carbon cycle
• Growing variety of crops increases bio-diversity
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Socio-Economic Benefits
• Helps developing economies by promoting agrarian communities
• Increase in jobs
• Increase in trade balance (Indian perspective) due to lesser dependence on foreign resources
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BIO FUELS
THE WORLD SCENARIO
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BRAZIL
•World leader in production and export of ethanol.•Ethanol produced per day equivalent to 200,000 barrels of gasoline.•24% blend ethanol mandatory.•Competitiveness•Bio diesel initiatives underway
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U.S.A.
• Ethanol : a big boost to economy• E85 sells cheaper than gasoline• Currently production aimed at 4.5 Billion gallons/yr• MTBE phased out in many states
• Soya bean main source of biodiesel
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E.U.
• Rapeseed main source of bio diesel • 3-15% blended petrol • France: Bio diesel exempted from domestic tax• Germany: Sales of bio diesel 99 million US gallons • Rise of SVO as domestic fuel
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The Significant Others
• China: 3rd largest producer of ethanol producing 220,000 tons of ethanol, exporting 90,000 tons in 2000.
• In southeast Asia, the Jatropha tree is used as a significant fuel source
• Malaysia and Indonesia are starting pilot-scale production from palm oil.
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India
• Sources of ethanol:• Sugarcane• Molasses • Agricultural waste
• Low average cost of Rs.18/litre projected
• Annual production capacity of 1.5 Billion litres
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• Sources of biodiesel:• Honge• Jatropha
• High capital, broad scale production plan initiated • Cost per liter projected at Rs. 27
India (Contd.)
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Bio Mass
• Biomass already supplies 14 % of the world’s primary energy consumption. On average, biomass produces 38 % of the primary energy in developing countries.
• USA: 4% of total energy from bio mass, around 9000 MW
• INDIA is short of 15,000 MW of energy and it costs about 25,000 crores annually for the government to import oil.
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• Bio Mass from cattle manure, agricultural waste, forest residue and municipal waste.
• Anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes to give bio gas
• Digester consumes roughly one third the power it’s capable of producing.
• Fertilizers as by product.
• Average electricity generation of 5.5kWh per cow per day!!
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Thank You