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Anatomy and Physiology
Digestion and Absorption
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Mastication
• Mechanical reduction of the ingested food particles
• Food is mixed with saliva forming a bolus• Tongue (muscular organ) moves food around
mouth to form and push bolus down esophagus
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Tongue
• Taste buds – more discriminatory when food is in a native or unprocessed state (able to distinguish between harmful and proper foods)
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Taste Buds
• Humans: – 5-6 types of taste buds: sour, bitter, salty, umami
(meatiness) and sweet (possibly fat)– sweet receptor made up of two coupled proteins
generated by two separate genes• Tas1r2 and Tas1r3
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Cats Can’t Taste Sweet• Cats have about 470 taste
buds• lack 247 base pairs of the
amino acids that make up the DNA of the Tas1r2 gene– does not code for the
proper protein
Why do you think it is a good thing that cats can’t taste sweet things?
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Cats Can’t Taste Sweet• cats can taste things
humans cannot– ATP– signal for meat
• most major pet food manufacturers use corn or other grains in their meals– Cat food = ~20%
carbohydrates– Is this causing diabetes in
cats?
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Cats Can’t Taste Sweet
• The suggestion that cats may have difficulty adapting to high-carbohydrate meals appears to be based on two observations:– (1) cats lack glucokinase, an enzyme used to
phosphorylate glucose inside cells– (2) cats lack salivary amylase and, compared with
dogs, may have lower activities of the enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion
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Cats Can’t Taste Sweet
• For glucose to be used by a cell, it must enter the cell and be phosphorylated by glucokinase
• Lacking glucokinase activity, cats rely on other enzymes, including hexokinase– less efficient than glucokinase when glucose
concentrations are high, cats have considerably more hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase enzyme activities than dogs
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Dogs Can’t Taste Salt
• Dogs have only about 1,700 taste buds that people (~10,000) do, and their distinct sense of taste is actually quite poor
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Diseases of the Oral Cavity
• Oral Tumor: can arise from the bone, teeth or soft tissue structures of the lower (mandible) or upper (maxilla) jaw, or the tongue or pharynx
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Oral Tumors
• most are malignant• malignant melanoma
and squamous cell carcinoma are the most common oral tumors in dogs
• squamous cell carcinoma is the most common oral tumor in cats
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Oral Tumors• Diagnosis
– Physical exam– Blood tests– Aspiration– MRI– Chest X-rays
• Treatment– Surgery– Radiation– Chemotherapy
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Periodontal Disease
• Preventable• Shows up at 3-4 years
of age• Clinical Signs– Inflamed gums– Tartar build up– Loose teeth– Difficulty eating– Halitosis
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Periodontal Disease• Mainly caused by bacteria: Peptostreptococcus, Actinomyces, and
Porphyromonas• Treatment:
– Dental cleaning (vet)– Brush teeth daily (home)– Diet (tartar contro, i.e. T/D)– Tooth extraction
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Stomatitis
• Painful, inflammation of the mouth• Potential to be fatal
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Periodontal Disease
• Periodontal disease can lead to heart diseaseand kidney disease if left untreated