Download - Anatomy and Physiology of the Male
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Anatomy and Physiology of the
Male
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Topics
● Anatomy● Physiology● Spermatogenesis● Hormonal regulation● Development
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Anatomy
● Scrotum● Testes● Penis● Glands
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Scrotum
● Maintains 34°C (93.2°F)● Dartos muscle –
wrinkles the skin● Cremaster muscles –
draw scrotum toward abdomen
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Testes● Coverings
● Tunica vaginalis● Tunica albuginea
● Lobules● Seminiferous
tubules● Tubulus rectus
● Rete testis● Epididymis
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Testes Blood Supply
● Countercurrent heat exchange● Testicular artery● Pampiniform
venous plexus
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Testes Blood Supply
● Varicocele● Varicose vein like condition● 15-20% of males● 40% of infertile males
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Penis external anatomy
● Foreskin● 60% in US
are circumcised
● 15% worldwide
● Shaft● Glans penis
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Penis internal anatomy
● Corpus spongiosum● Bulb of penis
● Corpora cavernosum● Crura of the
penis
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Male Duct System
● Epididymus● 20 feet!● 20 days for
sperm to mature
● Smooth muscles expel sperm during ejaculation
● Cells have microvilli
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Male Duct System
● Epididymus● Smooth
muscles expel sperm during ejaculation
● Cells have microvilli
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Male Duct System
● Ductus (vas) deferens● 18”● Very muscular● Ampulla
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Male Duct System
● Vasectomy● Almost 100%
effective● Reversal about
50% success rate
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Male Duct System
● Ejaculatory duct● Urethra
● Conveys both urine and semen
● Prostatic● Membranous ● Penile
● Urethral glands secrete mucus prior to ejaculation
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Glands● Seminal vesicles● Size of little
finger● Surrounded by
smooth muscle● Seminal fluid
● Fructose● Ascorbic acid● Coagulating
enzyme● Prostaglandins● Other factors
that enhance sperm mobility
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Glands● Prostate● Size of peach pit● Several ducts into the
prostatic urethra● Surrounded by
smooth muscle● Secretions
● Citrate● Enzymes (fibrinolysin,
hyaluronidase, acid phosphatase)
● Prostate specific antigen (PSA)
● activate sperm
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Glands
● Bulbourethral glands● Pea sized● Mucus
● Lubrication● Neutralizes
acidic urine prior to ejaculation
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Semen
● 2-5ml● Composed of
● Sperm (10%)● Testicular fluid● Gland secretions
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Semen● Functions
● Transport, activation and protective medium● Nutrients for sperm (fructose)● Neutralizes vaginal tract● Prostaglandins reduce viscosity of mucus at
cervix● Enzymes enhance motility● Antibiotics● Chemicals that suppress the female immune
system● Clotting factors that coagulate semen so it
sticks to vagina● Fibrinolysin then dissolves that mass
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Physiology
● Erection● NO (nitric oxide) released (in penis
tissue)● Causes arterioles (normally constricted)
to relax/dilate● Blood flows into the corpora cavernosa● Compresses veins to prevent flow out● Corpus spongiosum also expands but
maintains open urethra● Bulbourethral glands secrete lubricant
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Physiology● Ejaculation
● Spinal reflex● Bladder sphincter muscle constricts● Reproductive ducts and glands contract
● Contents enter urethra● Muscles around the blub of penis –
series of rapid contractions● Other systemic changes
● Rapid heartbeat● Elevated blood pressure● Generalized muscle contraction
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Erectile dysfunction● Deficient NO release
● Viagara, Cialis and Levitra increase effects of NO
● Possible factors● Psychological factors● Alcohol or drugs
● Antihypertensives, Antidepressants● Diabetes mellitus● Arteriosclerosis● Varicose veins● Nervous system issues
● Stroke, Penile nerve damage, MS
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Spermatogenesis
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Spermatogenesis
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● Meiosis● Sertoli cells
● Nourish and “clean”
● Secrete testicular fluid
● androgens● Tight junction
● Blood-testis barrier
● prevents sperm antigens from the immune system
Spermatogenesis
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Spermatogenesis
● Spermatogenic cell● 64-72 days
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Infertility● 1/7 of Americans; most due to sperm
issues● Estrogen-like compounds● Antibiotics (tetracycline)● Compounds that lead to abnormal sperm
● Radiation, marijuana, lack of selenium, alcohol
● Lack of a specific Ca++ channel (for motility)
● Anatomical obstruction● Hormonal imbalance● Oxidative stress (damages DNA)● overheating
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Hormonal Regulation● Hypothalamic-
Pituitary-Gonadal Axis● Hypothalamus● Anterior pituitary● Testes
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
● Hypothalamus● GnRH –
gonadotropin releasing hormone
● Stimulates the anterior pituitary
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
● Anterior Pituitary● LH – luteinizing
hormone● Released in response
to GnRH● Stimulates interstitial
cells (Leydig cells) to secrete testosterone
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
● Anterior Pituitary● FSH – follicle
stimulating hormone● Released in response
to GnRH● Stimulates Sertoli
cells● ABP – androgen-
binding protein: Keeps concentration of testosterone high
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
● Testosterone● meiosis of
spermatogenic cells● development and
maintenance of secondary sex characteristics
● Libido● Feed back to
pituitary and hypothalamus
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
● Inhibin● Secreted by Sertoli
cells● produced in
response to sperm count
● Inhibits release of GnRH and FSH
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
● Absence of GnRH, FSH and LH● Testicular atrophy● Accessory organs
atrophy● Testosterone
production declines (or ceases)
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Secondary sex characteristics● Pubic and axillary hair● Facial and chest hair● Larynx enlarges● Skin thickens and becomes
oilier● Bones grow and increase
density● Skeletal muscle increases● Basal metabolic rate increases● Development of libido● Brain development
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Reproductive System Development
5 weeks● gonadal ridges● Mullerian ducts –
female● Wolffian duct – maleGerm cells migrate to gonad
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Reproductive System Development
7 weeks – ductus deferens forms● Seminiferous tubules
form in gonadal ridges● Join the Wolffian ducts
● Testes secrete MIF – Mullerian Inhibitory factor
● Mullerian ducts degenerate
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Reproductive System Development
8 weeks – presence of testosterone● Genital tubercle enlarges
● forms penis● Urethral folds fuse
● Forms spongy urethra● Labioscrotal swellings fuse
● Form scrotum
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Reproductive System Development
● Gubernaculum (G) (blue) – connects testis to floor of scrotum
● At 7 months G stops growing and becomes fibrous● Rapid growth of fetus causes G to pull testis into the
scrotum