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Anatomy, Morphology, & Growth Anatomy, Morphology, & Growth of Angiosperms – Ch. 5-8of Angiosperms – Ch. 5-8
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Two plant groups: monocots & dicots
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Structure Reflects Function
http://www.fugu-sg.org/~elia/cambodia/templesfacesweb/pages/A3_Embracing_Roots.htm
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Structure of a plant determined by:
1. Genetics2. Environment – two time scales:
1. Long-term:
2. Short-term: plasticity = wide range of phenotypes for each genotype. Allows plants to adjust to changing environment (ex. Shorter plant in dry year so that it can still reproduce)
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Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Muscle cell
Muscle tissue
Heart
Circulatory system
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Three organs: Roots, stems, leaves
1. Roots–
• Store food (carbos from photosynthesis) to be used for flowering & fruiting
• Covered with root hairs – increased surface area for absorption
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Fig 35.2
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Modified Roots – Fig
35.4
Prop roots
Sweet Potato – storage root
Aerial strangler roots
Buttress roots
Pneumatophores
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2. Stems/shoots
• Support, transport• Some photosynthesis• Two types of shoots
1. Vegetative –
2. Reproductive – • Two parts of stem:
1. Node –
2. Internode – stem segments between nodes
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Two types of buds
1. Terminal bud – contains a shoot apical meristem; shoot growth is concentrated here
2. Axillary buds –
Apical dominance = the presence of an apical bud inhibits the growth of axillary buds.
-remove or depress apical bud, axillary buds begin to grow.
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Modified Shoots (stems):
• Stolons –
• Rhizomes –
• Bulbs – swollen underground shoots
• Tubers – swollen rhizomes
Asexual, vegetative propagation
Stores food for later growth
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Fig 35.5
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3. Leaves – main photosynthesis organs
http://www.knotweed.co.uk/japknot_Info.htm
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Modified leaves
• Compound, doubly compound – why??
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Fig 35.7 – Modified leaves
Tendrils
Spines
Succulents
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Leaf types:
Simple leaf =
Compound leaf = divided into distinct units called leaflets
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Four types of leaf arrangement:
1. Acaulescent –
2. Alternate –
3. Opposite – leaves borne across from each other at the same node
4. Whorled – 3 or more leaves arising from the same node.
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Three main tissues: Dermal,
Vascular, Ground
Fig 35.8
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1. Dermal tissue or epidermis
• Root hairs are specialized epidermal extensions• Secretes waxy cuticle of the leaf
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2. Ground Tissue
• fills the space between dermal and vascular tissue systems.
• Diverse functions:
pith
cortexIn dicots:
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3. Vascular Tissue
• function in transport between roots & shoots, and structural support of plant– Xylem:
– Phloem: Food transported to roots & non-photosynthetic parts such as the flowers
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The Plant Cell
Fig 7.8
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5 Differentiated Plant Cell Categories
1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Schlerenchyma
4. Water-conducting cells of the xylem
5. Sugar-conducting cells of the phloem
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1. Parenchyma
• thin and flexible cell walls
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2. Collenchyma
• Usually grouped in strands to support young parts of plants without restraining growth
• Flexible, elongate with growing shoots
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3. Schlerenchyma
• May be dead at functional maturity – ???
• cell walls left behind as skeleton
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4. Water conducting cells of the xylem:
• 2 types: tracheids & vessel elements
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Tracheids
• Water flows from cell to cell (laterally) through pits in cell wall
• Support function
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Vessel Elements
• End walls are perforated for free flow of water• More efficient as water conductors than tracheids
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Fig 35.9
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5. Sugar-conducting cells of the phloem
Sieve-tube members:
• Lack a nucleus, ribosomes, vacuole• Cells separated by perforated sieve plates –
allow sugar movement
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Fig 35.9
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Growth & Development
http://www.cneccc.edu.hk/subjects/bio/album/Chapter20/PLANT_GROWTH.html
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• Development =
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Three processes of development:
1. Growth =
2. Cellular differentiation = generation of different cell types
3. Morphogenesis – creation of body form & organization.
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1. Growth
• Cell division no expansion
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• = due to water uptake in the vacuole
Growth
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Fig 35.24
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Cell division
• Occurs in only in meristems!
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Meristems
• =
• Two types of meristems:1. Apical meristem –
2. Lateral meristems – extend lengthwise along the axis of the stem & roots. Responsible for growth in girth in older parts of the plant (called secondary growth). Exist only in perennials
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Fig 35.10
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Primary Growth of Roots
• Root cap – layer of cells that protect the RAM as it pushes through the soil
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Fig 35.12
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Arrangement of Primary Tissues in Roots
1. Epidermis –
2. Stele –
3. Ground tissue – mostly parenchyma cells of the cortex – area between the stele & epidermis; stores food & takes up minerals.
• Endodermis – single cell layer between cortex & stele. Selective barrier for uptake of soil solution contents into vascular system.
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Fig 35.13
Epidermis
Cortex
Endodermis
Stelexylem
phloem
Eudicot/Gymnosperm root cross section
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Primary Growth of Shoots
• Bud = cluster of leaf primordia created by meristem. No internodes
• Lateral branches arise from axillary buds
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Fig 35.15
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Primary tissue arrangement of stems
– Ground tissue = pith & cortex
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Fig 35.16
pith
cortex
epidermis
phloem
xylem
Schlerenchyma cells
Eudicot/Gymnosperm stem cross section
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Tissue arrangement of leaves
• 3 parts:
1. Upper & lower epidermis – tightly interlocked cells, secrete waxy cuticle. Contains stomata flanked by guard cells
2. Vascular tissue –
3. Mesophyll – ground tissue between upper & lower epidermis
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Fig 35.17
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Secondary Growth
• Two lateral meristems:
1. Vascular cambium – produces secondary xylem (= wood) & phloem
2. Cork cambium – replaces the epidermis with cork: tough, thick cover for stems, roots.
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Secondary growth of stems
• Vascular cambium – layer of cells between primary xylem & primary phloem. Puts on successive layers of secondary phloem to outside & secondary xylem to inside =====> stem widens
• Wood = accumulation of secondary xylem. Dead at maturity, contains lignin
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Cork cambium
• “bark” =
• Cork continually sloughs off
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Fig 35.18
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Fig 35.20
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Three types of life cycles:
1. Annual –
2. Biennial – complete life cycle in two years (first year = vegetative, second year = reproductive). Some need a cold winter period to initiate flowering from vegetative state. Ex. carrots
3. Perennial – live year after year, do not die after reproduction. Examples: trees, shrubs, some grasses. Causes of death = fire, disease