Download - Anatomy & Radio Graphic Terminology
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ANATOMY & RADIOGRAPHICTERMINOLOGY
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Body Planes
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1) SAGITTAL PLANE
- Divides entire body or body part into right & left segments
- Passes vertically through the body from front to back
- Midsagittal plane is a specific sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body& divides it into equal right & left halves
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2) CORONAL PLANE- Divides the entire body or a body part into
anterior & posterior segments - It passes through the body vertically from one
side to the other- Midcoronal plane is a specific plane that
passes through midline of the body, dividing it into equal anterior and posterior halves
- Sometimes referred to as Midaxilary plane
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3) HORIZONTAL PLANE
- Also known axial, transverse, or cross-sectional plane
- It divides the entire body or body part into superior and inferior portions
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4) OBLIQUE PLANE - An oblique plane can pass through a body at
any angle among the early discussed 3 planes
5) INTERILIAC & OCCLUSAL PLANE- These planes are specified to a specific area
of the body only- Interiliac plane transects the pelvis at the
top of the iliac crests at the level of the L4- It is used to position the lumbar spine,
sacrum & coccyx
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- Occlusal plane is formed by the biting surface of the upper and lower teeth with the jaws closed
- It is used in positioning of odontoid process & some head projections
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- Planes are used in radiographic positioning to centre a body part to the image receptor (IR)
or the central ray & to ensure that body part is properly oriented & aligned with the IR.
- Quality imaging requires attention to all relationships among body planes, the IR, and the central ray.
- Body planes are used CT, MRI & Ultrasound to identify the orientation of anatomic cuts or slices demonstrated in the procedure
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BODY CAVITIES- 2 great cavities are Thoracic and Abdominal
cavity- Thoracic is subdivided into Pericardial
segment & 2 pleural portions- Though abdominal cavity has no intervening
partitions, the lower portion is called ?- Sometimes referred to as Abdominopelvic
cavity- What are the principal structures in thoracic &
abdominal cavity ?
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DIVISIONS OF ABDOMEN
- Location of organs or the anatomic area can be described by dividing the abdomen by one of the 2 methods :
- 4 Quadrants - 9 Regions
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SURFACE LANDMARKS
- Anatomic structures not visualised directly- Use protruberances, tuberosities & other
external indicators to accurately position the patient
- If not used for positioning or used incorrectly, chances for repeating the radiograph increases
- Use Only as GUIDELINES - Ability to compensate is gained through
experience
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BODY HABITUS• Common variations in shape of human body
are termed the body habitus• Mills WR determined the primary
classification of body habitus • The specific type of habitus is important in
radiography because it determines the size, shape & position of the organs of the Thoracic & Abdominal cavities
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• Body habitus directly affects the location of the following :
-> Heart -> Lungs -> Diaphragm -> Stomach -> Colon -> GallbladderE.g :- Variation in gallbladder position as much
as 8 inches
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• How is it important ?• Because of wide variations in physical tissue
density, we have to determine technical & exposure factors for appropriate radiographic density, contrast & radiographic dose
• Radiographers should know these for effective positioning & selection of exposure factors
• Challenging but experienced & professional judgement helps radiographer to determine correct body habitus & to judge the specific location fo the organs
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REMEMBER • Not an indication of disease or abnormality• Not determined by the body fat or physical
condition of the patient• Not necessarily associated with height or
weight• Just a simple classification of 4 general shapes
of the trunk of the human body
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OSTEOLOGY• Adult human skeleton comprises of 206
bones• Ligaments unite the bone of the skeleton• Bones provide : - Attachment for muscles - Mechanical basis for movement - Protection for internal organs - A frame to support the body
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- Storage for calcium, phosphorus & other salts- Production of red & white blood cells
The 206 bones are divided into 2 main groups
1) Axial Skeleton
2) Appendicular skeleton
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GENERAL BONE FEATURES
• Strong, dense outer layer -> Compact bone• Less dense inner layer -> Spongy bone• Softer spongy bone contains a network of
interconnecting spaces called Trabeculae• Trabeculae are filled with red & yellow
marrow.• Red marrow produces ??• Yellow marrow produces ??
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OSSIFICATION
• There are 2 types of ossification ( development & formation of bone )
1) Primary Ossification
2) Secondary ossification
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PRIMARY OSSIFICATION• Starts before birth
• Forms all short & irregular bones
• Forms the CENTRAL shaft of long bones
• During development only the long shaft is called as Diaphysis
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SECONDARY OSSIFICATION• Occurs after birth• Separate bone develop at both ends of each
long bone• So this end is called the Epiphysis• At first, epi & di are distinctly separate• As growth occurs, a plate of cartilage develops
b/w the 2 areas -> Epiphyseal plate• Seen in all pediatric patients • Important radiographically as common site of
fracture in pediatric patients
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CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
1) Long Bones 2) Short bones 3) Flat bones
4) Irregular bones
5) Sesamoid bones
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Long Bones : Femur, humerus, fingersShort bones : Carpals, tarsals are the only short bonesFlat bones : Cranium, scapula,etcIrregular bones : Vertebrae, face, pelvis
Sesamoid bones : Largest ? Where else ?
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ANTHROLOGY 3 MAIN TYPES OF JOINTS -- Fibrous Joint -- Cartilaginous Joint
-- Synovial Joint
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Syndesmosis & Suture
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Gomphosis
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Synchondrosis & Symphysis
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Synovial
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GLIDING HINGE
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PIVOT ELLIPSOID
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SADDLE BALL-SOCKET
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THANK YOU