Download - Ancient China
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Ancient China
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Geography of Ancient China
• Civilization on the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers
• Rivers flow out of Tibetan Mountains
• Chinese saw their land as the center of the civilized world “Middle Kingdom”
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Chinese Society was held together by strong bonds.• The group was more important than
the individual• The family central to society
– Elderly had privileges and power– Oldest man in charge of the family’s
possessions– Final approval on all marriages– Respect for parents most important
virtue
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Women in China
• Expected to obey fathers, husbands, and later, their sons
• Marriage arranged between 13 and 16
• Moved into husband’s family’s house
• Only improve status by bearing sons
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Family closely linked to religion• Spirits of the family’s ancestors
thought to bring good fortune on the family
• Family’s paid respect to the father’s ancestors– Not gods but helpful or hurtful neighbors
• Only sons could carry on the traditional religious duties
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Government
• Chief loyalty to the family• People obeyed the ruler like a “super-
grandfather” who was responsible for the people
• Royal authority came from heaven• Mandate of Heaven• Dynastic cycle pattern of strength
and decline in the different dynasties
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The dynasties ruled for 2000 years• Shang• Chou
– Longest in Chinese history
• Ch’in– Shortest and
cruelest
• Han– Mightiest
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Shang Dynasty Civilization
• First civilization along the Yellow River where loess is spread
• Unpredictable flooding “China’s sorrow
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Cities
• Appeared along the Yellow River in 2000B.C.
• Anyang capital to the Shang dynasty
• Houses built of wood
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Social Classes
• Divided between nobles and peasants
• Nobles– Owned land– Served in the army and government– Skilled fighters
• Peasants– Tilled the soil
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Artisans were a special class.• Bronze work• Silk• Embroidery
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Writing System
• Animal bones and shells with written symbols
• Symbols similar to those used today
• Each character stands for an idea
• Same system throughout China
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Chou Dynasty
• No dramatic changes in civilization• For first 300 years ruled a large
kingdom• Gradually lost power• 771 B.C. barbarians invaded and
murdered the Chou monarch• Family moved to Loyang and
pretended to rule
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In truth, they were powerless• Noble families fought for control
– “the time of warring states
• Traditional values collapsed– led to Chinese love of order
• Solutions?
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Confucius urged order
• Society should be organized around five basic relationships– ruler and subject– father and son– husband and wife– older and younger
brother– friend and friend
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Code of Proper Conduct within each relationship• Filial piety- children should respect
parents and elders• If a ruler practiced kindness then
all would go well
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Confucius wanted to change Chinese society• Prince of Lu made him Minister of
Crime• People so impressed with his
wisdom and courtesy that all crime vanished
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Taoists sought harmony with nature• Natural order
important• Nothing in nature
strives for power, fame, or even wisdom
• Followers withdrew from society
• Tao is the way
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Legalist urged harsh government• Highly efficient
powerful government the key to order
• Reward those who do well
• Disobedience punished
• Controlling ideas as well as actions
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Ch’in Dynasty
• From small state of Ch’in in western China
• 256 B.C. destroyed Chou king• 246 B.C. new Ch’in king
– Age 13– ruthless Legalist
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Ch’in Shih Huang-ti (the first emperor)
• Stopped petty wars• Conquered barbarians
to the south• Protected the North
with the Great Wall• Formed a
government that lasted 200 years
• Responsible for the people
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Ch’in Dynasty concentrated on• Stamping out rival armies
– Doubled the size of China– Attacked the barbarians in the North
• Destroying resistance inside the realm– Commanded that all noble families live in
capital city– Changed state boundaries– Built gigantic network of highways
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• Uniform standards for law, money, weight, and measures
• Built Great Wall
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Great Wall provided protection
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Great Wall
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Decline of the Ch’in Dynasty• Son less able• Han marched on the city
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Han Dynasty known for glory, unity, and peace• Hated laws of
Ch’in• Barbarians rarely
threatened• Confucious’s
teachings won influence
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Most powerful Han emperor Wu-ti• 140-87 B.C.• Marshal Emperor• Drove Huns out of Northern border
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Renewal of Learning
• Scholars read old Chinese classics
• Confucianism official
• Founded national university
• Brought back news of the civilized people of Persia
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Search for culture led to trade
• Great Silk Road– camel caravans– Tibet to Syria and
Asia Minor
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After Wu-ti prosperity declined• Peasants suffered
– Burden of taxes and debts– bad harvests– famine and plague– peasants became bandits
• Twice overthrown– Early Han and Later Han
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Buddhism came from the Great Silk Road• Monks taught that
Buddha was a merciful god
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Han Empire collapsed
Buddhism spread