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and Alexander the Great
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Greeks considered religion necessary for the well-being of the state. Temples were the major buildings in Greek cities.
I. Greek Culture
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Most important were the 12 gods and goddesses that lived on Mount Olympus, the tallest mountain in Greece.
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Zeus: chief god and father of the gods
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Athena: goddess of wisdom and crafts
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Apollo: god of the sun and poetry
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Poseidon:god of the sea
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Greek religion was not based on morality, or doing the right thing;it was focused on pleasing the gods to bring good fortune.
After death, spirits went to a gloomy underworld ruled by Hades.
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To know what the gods wanted, the Greeks consulted oracles. The most famous oracle was at the shrine to
Apollo at Delphi.
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Religious festivals including athletic events such as the
Olympic games were used to honor the
gods and goddesses.
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The Greeks created Western drama.
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The original Greek dramas were tragedies, presented in trilogies around a common theme.
Greek tragedies dealt with the nature of good and evil, the rights of the individual, the role of the gods in life, and human nature.
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Three famous playwrights:•Aeschylus (Oresteia trilogy), Sophocles (Oedipus Rex), Euripides
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• Greeks were the first in the Western world to present History to analyze past events.
• Philosophy (Comes from the Greek word that means “love of wisdom”: organized system of thought
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II. Alexander the Great
Because of their advanced culture, the Greeks viewed the Macedonians,
a rural people, as barbarians.By the end of the 5th century BC, however,
Macedonia was a powerful kingdom.
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In 359 BC, Philip II of Macedonia formed a league of Greek city-states to help him conquer Persia.
Before he could fulfill his goal, he was assassinated.
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Philip’s son, Alexander the Great, became king of Macedonia at age 20.
He modeled himself on Achilles, the Greek hero of the Trojan War featured in Homer’s Iliad.
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Alexander wanted to fulfill his father’s dream of conquering Persia. Alexander also sought glory and empire.
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By 331 BC, Alexander had conquered the Persian Empire. Alexander marched his army through Persia,
founding cities like Alexandria and spreading Greek culture.
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In 326, Alexander crossed the Indus River and entered India. His soldiers refused to march on and Alexander agreed to return
home.
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In 323 BC, at the age of 32, Alexander died in Babylon, exhausted from wounds, fever,
and alcohol.
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Alexander created a new age, called the Hellenistic Era.
Hellenistic means “to imitate Greeks.”
After Alexander’s death, four Hellenistic kingdoms
emerged: Macedonia, Syria,
Pergamum, and Egypt