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Why Eat Local? Science-based answers to a not-so-simple question
extension.illinois.edu
Andy LarsonLocal Foods & Small Farms EducatorUniversity of Illinois Extensionserving Boone, DeKalb, and Ogle counties(815) 732-2191 ● [email protected]
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What does “local” mean?• The product is grown:
1. In my state – 44%2. Within a certain mile radius – 41%• 87% of these respondents say ≤100 miles
3. On a small (family owned/operated) farm – 13%
FMI - US Grocery Shopper Trends 2011
Photo: lmainjohnson7
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Why are people buying local?1. Freshness – 83%2. Support local economy – 68% 3. Taste – 56%4. Knowing the foods’ source – 40%
• What about safety?• What about nutrition?• What about the environment?
FMI - US Grocery Shopper Trends 2011
Photo: USDAgov
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Are local foods fresher?• Can be…varies by product• Produce often fresher, riper, more seasonal• Conventional eggs, milk, meat quite fresh, too
• Fresher produce can mean better flavor and quality• Nutrient content can diminish with time and handling• Not everything we eat can be produced locally
Phot
o: U
SDAg
ov
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Buying local support local economy?
1. Import substitution2. Job multiplier effect• 1.41-1.78 (farmers markets)
• Sales taxes• Property values• Business incubators
Martinez et al. 2010. Local Food Systems: Concepts, Impacts, and Issues, ERR 97. USDA-
ERS.
Photo: Alice Henneman
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Why know the farmer?
• Shake the hand that feeds you• Provenance• Production practices• Handling and storage• Trust
Photo: USDAgov
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Are local foods safer?• Meat, dairy, egg, & some specialty producers
state inspected before product enters commerce• New rules coming for fresh fruits and vegetables
(Food Safety Modernization Act)
Photos: mauitimeweekly, Alachua County, and ShardsOfBlue
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Is local food more nutritious?• Variety chosen for flavor and nutrients?• Grown in healthy soil?• Picked ripe and handled appropriately?• Purchased and eaten at peak freshness?
Frith, Kathleen. 2007. Is Local More Nutritious? – It Depends. Harvard School of Public Health, Center for Health and the
Global Environment.
Phot
o: N
RCS
Soil
Heal
th
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Is local food better for the environment?
• Direct-to-consumer farmers are:• More likely to use manure vs. synthetic fertilizer• Less likely to apply pesticides and herbicides
• However…• Only 5% of local food farmers are certified organic• Carbon footprint of inefficient transport?• Packaging, processing, and disposal?
Low et al. 2015. Trends in U.S. Local and Regional Food Systems: Report to Congress, AP-068. USDA-
ERS.
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Growing Organic - What It Is, What It Isn’t -
extension.illinois.edu
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What does “Certified Organic” mean?
• Production system that favors ecological balance, biodiversity, and nutrient cycling
Photo credit: USDA NRCS South Dakota via Foter.com / CC BY-SA
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What does “Certified Organic” mean?
• Land free of prohibited substances for 3 years, managed with long-term crop rotations
Photo courtesy of USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service
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What does “Certified Organic” mean?
• Crops get no synthetic fertilizer or pesticide, irradiation, genetic engineering, or biosolids
Photo credit: adstream via Foter.com / CC BY-NC-ND
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What does “Certified Organic” mean?
• Livestock get organic feed and pasture access – no antibiotics, added hormones, or animal byproducts
Photo credit: NRCS_Oregon via Foter.com / CC BY-ND
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What does “Certified Organic” mean?
• Organic and conventional products are never commingled, from farmer to consumer
Photo credit: quinn.anya via Small Kitchen / CC BY-SA
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How do farms get certified?• Submit Organic Systems Plan (OSP)– Detailed operating plan including information on crops,
animals, harvests, storage, sales, records, soil-building practices, pest management, health care, pasture, materials lists, maps, field histories, biodiversity plans, emergency procedures, and any other practices related to organic production.
• 3-year transition from last prohibited substance• Inspection by USDA-accredited organic certifier• Ongoing annual inspection and record-keeping
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Why are people buying organic?1. To avoid pesticide residues– Science has shown that the incidence and amount
of agrichemical residues is lower on organic produce than on conventional produce
2. To improve their health– Science has not shown significant differences in
the safety or nutritive value of organic produce vs. conventional produce
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• If you see this seal, your product contains at least 95% organic ingredients
• “Made with organic ingredients” at least 70%• Other terminology, e.g. “organically-raised” or
“grown with organic practices,” always ask
Organic Labeling
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Facts, Fictions, and Debate over
Genetically Modified Organisms
extension.illinois.edu
Cred
it: O
kana
gan
Spec
ialty
Fru
its
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What is a GMO?• From Dictionary.com: an organism whose
genome has been altered by the techniques of genetic engineering so that its DNA contains one or more genes not normally found there
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Which crops have GM varieties?Credit: liz w
estCredit: Soybean Board
Credit: Martin LaBar
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What do these GM traits do?
Credit: gmoanswers.com
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Herbicide-Tolerant Crops• Fewer types of herbicides applied• Initial reduction in weight of active ingredient
applied• Increased adoption of reduced-tillage systems• Increased selection pressure on weeds to
become herbicide-resistant– 30+ weed species resistant to glyphosate
See also http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v27/n6/fig_tab/nbt0609-519_T1.html
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Insect-Resistant Crops• Very substantial reduction in application of
insecticides targeting lepidopteran pests– More than 50% reduction in US
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How are GMOs regulated?
USDA APHIS• Determines risk
of transgenic crop becoming a pest
U.S. EPA• Ensures
environmental safety of pest-resistant transgenic crops
U.S. FDA• Regulates food
and animal feed derived from transgenic crops
https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/biotechnology/sa_regulations/ct_agency_framework_roles
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What happens when we eat GMOs?
Stomach acid
Enzymes
Protein
Amino acids
DNA is broken down to its components similar to how protein is digested to amino acids; ingesting DNA has never been found to be toxic
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What do they have to prove?• Substantial equivalence:– “an assessment of a novel food, in particular one
that is genetically modified, should demonstrate that the food is as safe as its traditional counterpart” – OECD, 1993• Toxicity• Allergenicity• Nutritional content• Make sure any other differences are not “biologically
meaningful”
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Types of Studies• Methods similar to those used when
testing crop chemicals and new drugs– Compositional studies – compare to a
known product– Digestibility – how fast is protein broken
down– Oral toxicity tests – purified protein in
mice/rat models– Animal feeding studies – livestock, poultry,
fish• Process takes, on average, 13 years and
$136M
Credit: Giang Hồ Thị Hoàng
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Who pays for all this testing?
?Credit: Art G. Credit: Nick Mendez
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Credit: Snell et al 2011
Credit: Eenennaam & Young 2014
See also http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v27/n6/fig_tab/nbt0609-519_T1.html
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Thanks for you time and attention!
• What questions do you have?
http://web.extension.illinois.edu/smallfarm/http://web.extension.illinois.edu/bdo/
Photo credit: Cedar Summ
it Farm via Sm
all Kitchen / CC BY-SA
?Andy LarsonLocal Foods & Small Farms EducatorUniversity of Illinois Extensionserving Boone, DeKalb, and Ogle counties(815) 732-2191 ● [email protected]
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How are farmers selling local?
Direct and Intermediated Marketing of Local Foods in the United States, Low and Vogel, USDA-ERS,
November 2011
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For more information…• Sarah A. Low et al. Trends in U.S. Local and Regional
Food Systems: Report to Congress, AP-068. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. January 2015.
• Martinez, Steve, et al. Local Food Systems: Concepts, Impacts, and Issues, ERR 97. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. May 2010.
• O’Hara, Jeffrey K. Market Forces: Creating Jobs through Public Investment in Local and Regional Food Systems. Union of Concerned Scientists. August 2011.
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Why Get Certified Organic?• Price premiums• Market access
• Resource conservation• Government assistance
Source: Organic Trade Association
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ObjectivesAfter this presentation, participants will:• Know what GMOs are and how they are made• Understand the prevalence of GMOs in crops• Gain insight into GMO effects on health• Gain insight into GMO effect on agriculture
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Transformation Methods
• Micro-particle bombardment– “gene gun”
• DNA attached to micro –projectiles and fired into the cell
• Best method for corn and rice
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GMOs & HEALTH
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Possible to avoid GMO foods?
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GMOs & AGRICULTURE
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GMOs & ETHICS???