Download - Annexure 7-bengaluru
P. Vethamony
National Institute of Oceanography
Dona Paula
Goa 403004
Email: [email protected]
Dispersion of heat and pollutants released from a coal-
based power plant, and its impact on the marine ecosystem
2
INDIA
Arabian
SeaBay of
Bengal
Indian ocean
Gulf of Cambay
Mumbai
Mangalore
Tuticorin
Chennai
Vizag
Paradip
Cuddalore
• Economic growth and industrial development
• Maintaining a balance
• Individual impact to cumulative impact
• Cumulative impact study coastal programs of GoI
- GoK, Goa, Ennore, GoC
• Coastal processes, Pollutant transport, Waste assimilative capacity
• Measurements, modelling and monitoring
Indus River
Kachchh
Arabian Sea
Gulf of Kachchh
Importance of the study
industrial activities : Refineries, fertilizer plants, power plants, salt works, jetties, ports, harbours, etc.
Mandvi
Mundra
Kandla
Dwaraka
OkhaBayt-Okha
Positra
Pindhara
Salaya
KPT jetty
GNFC
Sikka
Reliance
Proposed port
Bedi
Jodiya
68o45’ 69o00’ 69o15’ 69o30’ 69o45’ 70o00’ 70o15’
23o00’
22o55’
22o50’
22o45’
22o40’
22o35’
22o30’
22o25’
22o20’
22o15’
INDUSTRIES AND PORTS & HARBOURS
SPMs in the Gulf
SINGLE POINT MOORINGS
Adani Port Ltd.(Proposed/Operational)
Reliance-2 (Operational)
BORL (Planned/not approved)ESSAR (Planned/operational)
IOC-2 (Operational)
68o45’ 69o00’ 69o15’ 69o30’ 69o45’ 70o00’ 70o15’
IOC-1 (Operational)
23o00’
22o55’
22o50’
22o45’
22o40’
22o35’
22o30’
22o25’
22o20’
22o15’
Reliance-1 (Operational)
Marine sanctuary & Marine National Parks
EXPLANATION
Marine ParksMarine Sanctuaries
68o45’ 69o00’ 69o15’ 69o30’ 69o45’ 70o00’ 70o15’
23o00’
22o55’
22o50’
22o45’
22o40’
22o35’
22o30’
22o25’
22o20’
22o15’
MARINE PARKS & SANCTUARIES
Field study programme (2002- 2003)
Measurements carried out:
- RCM Current measurements (10 locations)
- Tidal measurements (10 locations)
- Meteorological measurements (6 locations)
- ADCP current and wave measurements (4 locations)
- Water and sediment sampling (55 locations)
- Optical Measurements in the Gulf of Kutch (10 locations)
- Bathymetry Studies
- Drouge Studies
- Marine Vegetation of GoK (5 locations)
- Inter-tidal Benthic Fauna Samplings (10 locations)
- Coral reefs (8 locations)
- Bacteriological parameters (10 locations)
-- Samplings for Water and Sediment Quality (time series Samplings for Water and Sediment Quality (time series -- 12 locations)12 locations)
Implication of tidal eddies to pollution transport
available DO in the Gulf
- a token for planners
DO contenet in the Gulf and the DO available for various water uses
To understand the balancing effect of flow on water quality in the estuary as well as the southern coastal region
Mandovi and Zuari are the two major estuarine systems along the Goa coast.
The Zuari estuary has a width of 5.5 km at the mouth and 0.5 km upstream, and the maximum depth is 20 m.
The tidal elevation inside the estuary is of the order of 2 m.
Goa
N
LC7
Baina
LC6
LC5
Mormugao STP
LC1
LC3
LC2
LC4
The flow pattern in the entire estuary reveals that in general, water flows into the estuary from the north, and when water from south flows northward, it takes a cyclonic reversal and flows again southwards without entering the estuary.
Pollutant transport is towards south along the coast, and therefore, it rarely alters the water characteristics of the estuary.
Kasaragod
Mangalore
Proposed coal based power plant locations along the Western Ghats
Proposed power plants along the west coast of India
Sl.
No.
Power plant Location Power generation
(MW)
1 Kerala State Industrial
Development
Corporation,
Kasaragod power plant
Kasaragod,
Kerala
2x660
2 Udupi power plant Udupi, Karnataka 4x660
3 Gojiness power plant Gojiness, Gujarat 6 x 660
M/s Udupi Power Corporation Limited is planning to install 4 power plants of 600 MW each in Udupi District
This project needs a cooling system which takes
sea water through an intake.
Warm water along with effluents, if any, will be
discharged into sea through a marine outfall.
A case study of thermal and pollutant dispersion
off Mangalore
Discharge
Quantity
(m3/h)
Location in
UTM
coordinates
Distance from
coast
Depth (m)
Outfall
point
15,800 472707.659E
1455369.768N
(670m) -5.0 CD
Intake point 22,000 471943.352E
1455378.122N
(1430m) -7.0 CD
Details of discharge quantity and locations of outfall/intake points for Udupi Power Plant
-48 -4
0 -24
-15
-48
- 32
-24
-15 -5
-48
-40
-24
-15
-5
-48
-40
-32
-24
-15
-5
5
-48 -40
-24
-15
-5
-40
-24
-15
-5
-40
-24
-15
-10
5
-32
-24
-15 -5
-32
- 24
-15
-5
-32
-24
-15
-5
7
4°
27
' E
7
4°
30
' E
7
4°
33
' E
7
4°
36
' E
7
4°
39
' E
7
4°
42
' E
7
4°
45
' E
7
4°
48
' E
7
4°
51
' E
12° 48' N
12° 51' N
12° 54' N
12° 57' N
13° 0' N
13° 3' N
13° 6' N
13° 9' N
13° 12' N
13° 15' N
13° 18' N
E:\
ba
bu
\Lan
co
\ba
thy\B
at1
_0
.dfs
2
ou
tfall
Suratkal
inta
ke
land
fall
Mulki River
Malpe
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40(kilometer)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
(kilo
mete
r)
Model domain showing coastline and bathymetry
-10
-15
-10
-5
-10
-5
-10
-5 5
-10 -5
-10
-5
-10
- 5
-10
-5
74°
42' E
74°
43' E
74°
44' E
74°
45' E
13° 7' N
13° 8' N
13° 9' N
13° 10' N
13° 11' N
13° 12' N
E:\b
abu
\Lanco
\bath
y\B
at1
_0.d
fs2
Scale 1:40520
out
fall
inta
ke
land
fall
27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0 31.5 32.0 32.5 33.0 33.5(kilometer)
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
(kilo
mete
r)
Study area showing landfall, outfall &
intake locations off Padubidri
Warm water will have a source temperature of +5ºC above the ambient
and a source salinity of 55.7 psu
Comparison between (a)model simulated and predicted surface elevation, (b) v-
component and (c) u-component at RCM1 location off Suratkal during 12.04.2007 to 11-05-2007. (Blue lines indicate measured currents and black line with dots modelled currents in b and c).
The field data available for the
region have been utilised for
numerical modelling:
hydrodynamics and dispersion of thermal and saline plumes.
The currents observed off Suratkal and Mulki were southerly direction with a maximum speed
of 0.28 m/s during the
measurement period.
Also, there were frequent spells of current reversal with weak
northerly currents.
Model simulated currents match
very well with measurements.
1 m/s
7
4°
30
' E
7
4°
36
' E
7
4°
42
' E
7
4°
48
' E 12° 48' N
12° 54' N
13° 0' N
13° 6' N
13° 12' N
13° 18' N
Surface elevation
(meter)
Above 1.9
1.8 - 1.91.7 - 1.8
1.6 - 1.71.5 - 1.6
1.4 - 1.51.3 - 1.41.2 - 1.3
1.1 - 1.21 - 1.1
0.9 - 10.8 - 0.9
0.7 - 0.80.6 - 0.70.5 - 0.6
0.4 - 0.50.3 - 0.4
0.2 - 0.30.1 - 0.2
0 - 0.1Below 0
04/05/2007 14:00:00 Scale 1:659400
d1 d1
0 10 20 30 40(kilometer)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
(kilo
me
ter)
P(163.00,227.00): Surface elevation [m]
00:002007-04-03
00:0004-08
00:0004-13
00:0004-18
00:0004-23
00:0004-28
0.5
1.0
1.5
Su
rfa
ce
ele
va
tio
n
Current pattern simulated by the model during spring tide
1 m/s
7
4°
30
' E
7
4°
36
' E
7
4°
42
' E
7
4°
48
' E 12° 48' N
12° 54' N
13° 0' N
13° 6' N
13° 12' N
13° 18' N
Surface elevation
(meter)
Above 1.9
1.8 - 1.91.7 - 1.8
1.6 - 1.71.5 - 1.6
1.4 - 1.51.3 - 1.41.2 - 1.3
1.1 - 1.21 - 1.1
0.9 - 10.8 - 0.9
0.7 - 0.80.6 - 0.70.5 - 0.6
0.4 - 0.50.3 - 0.4
0.2 - 0.30.1 - 0.2
0 - 0.1Below 0
04/11/2007 01:00:00 Scale 1:659400
d1 d1
0 10 20 30 40(kilometer)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
(kilo
me
ter)
P(163.00,227.00): Surface elevation [m]
00:002007-04-03
00:0004-08
00:0004-13
00:0004-18
00:0004-23
00:0004-28
0.5
1.0
1.5
Su
rfa
ce
ele
va
tio
n
Current pattern simulated by the model during neap tide (top) and Surface elevation (bottom)
Distribution of (a) thermal plume patterns after 6 h at the outfall and (b) time series variation of excess temperature at the outfall.
Distribution of (a) thermal plume pattern after 12 h at the outfall and (b) time series variation of excess temperature at the outfall.
Distribution of (a) the thermal plume pattern for highest temperature event at the outfall and (b) time series variation of excess temperature at the outfall.
Model results indicate that the impact of warm water released into the coastal sea is very negligible as the net excess
temperature is 1.02°C.
The warm and high saline water discharge was confined within an area of 500 sq. m around the outfall location
No change in the water quality of the coastal environment is envisaged due to the discharge
Distribution of (a) salinity plume pattern after 6 h at the outfall and (b) time series variation of excess salinity at the outfall.
Distribution of (a) salinity plume pattern after 12 h at the outfall and (b) time series variation of excess salinity at the outfall.
Distribution of (a) the salinity plume pattern for Highest Salinity event at the outfall and (b) time series variation of excess salinity at the outfall.
Model results indicate that the impact of high saline water released into the coastal sea is very negligible as the excess salinity is 4.46psu.
The warm and high saline water discharge was confined within an area of 500 sq. m around the outfall location
No change in the water quality of the coastal environment is envisaged due to the discharge
PHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Hydrodynamics: Flow modelling – Numerical simulation of the flow patterns in the
project area over a horizontal grid covering over 5 km2 area to generate the currents
in the study area.
Thermal plume modelling at the intake and outfall points to know the thermal
dispersion at the outfall point.
Optimization of the outfall distance from the coast and from the intake location using
recirculation studies.
Typical oceanographic investigations required for an impact assessment study
(b) CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS :
Seawater
Hydrography: Temperature, pH, Salinity,
Turbidity, Suspended Solids, Dissolved
Oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen Demand.
Nutrients: Phosphate-Phosphorous,
Nitrite-Nitrogen, Nitrate-Nitrogen, Ammonia
– Nitrogen, Silicate-silicon, Total Nitrogen
and Total Phosphorous.
Oil compounds: Petroleum Hydrocarbons
and Phenols.
Trace metals: Lead, Cadmium and
Mercury.
Sediments
Texture: Sand, Silt and Clay ratio
Nutrients: Organic Carbon (Org. C), Total Phosphorus (TP) and Total Nitrogen (TN).
Oil Compounds: Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Trace metals: Lead, Cadmium and Mercury.
(c) BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS :
Seawater
� Biological production potential of the area will be established on the basis of an
assessment of;
i) phytoplankton biomass (in terms of pigments and primary productivity)
and group diversity.
ii) zooplankton biomass, population and group diversity.
iii) fisheries potential based on experimental trawling and available statistics.
iv) bacterial population (heterotrophic and indicator organisms).
� Impact of the heated effluents on marine biotic communities will be assessed
through thermal bioassay studies
� Chloride toxicity tests due to use of chlorine in circulating water in pipes.
� Coastal vegetation studies including mangroves.
Sediments
Benthic biomass, population and group diversity
Impact on flora and fauna due to construction and operational activity.
Impact on breeding/ nesting grounds.
Impact on biological production potential of the area.
Impact on fisheries of the region.
Impact of dredging on marine organisms.
Impacts
The impacts on marine environment will be those related to laying of pipeline
and release of warm and saline water.
Warm water effluents reduce dissolved oxygen of receiving waters by
enhancing the process of organic matter degradation.
Thermal bioassay study shows that larvae of fishes and prawns survive upto
35°°°°C.
For good productivity, brackish water environment is required. If salinity
increases, productivity decreases, plants wither, and fisheries reduce.
Our recent papers on coastal environmental modellingDinesh Kumar, PK, P. Vethamony, MT Babu, K Srinivas and Tony J Thottam (2004): Oceanographic studies off Beypore port, west
coast of India, to locate a dredge dumping site. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Vol. 90, pp. 269-288.P Vethamony, GS Reddy, MT Babu, E Desa and K Sudheesh (2005): Tidal eddies in a semi enclosed basin: a model study; Mar.
Envtl Res, Vol. 59 (5), pp. 519-532.E Desa, MD Zingde, P Vethamony, MT Babu, SN D’Souza and XN Verlekar (2005): Dissolved oxygen - a target indicator in
determining health of the Gulf of Kachchh waters; Mar. Poll. Bull; Vol 50 (1) (2005), pp. 73 – 79. MT Babu, P Vethamony and E Desa (2005): Modelling tide driven currents and residual eddies in the Gulf of Kachchh and their
seasonal variability: a marine environmental planning perspective; Ecological Modelling, Vol. 184, pp. 299-312. MT Babu, VK Das and P Vethamony (2006): BOD - DO modelling for water quality analysis of a waste water outfall off Kochi, west
coast of India - Envtl. Intl., 32, 165-173. ManiMurali; R.; Vethamony; P.; Saran; A.K.; Jayakumar; S., 2006. Change detection studies in coastal zone features of Goa; India
by remote sensing. Current Science 91(6), 816-820.
Vethamony P; Sudeesh K; Rupali SP; Babu MT; Jayakumar S; Saran AK; Basu SK; Kumar R; Sarkar A., 2006. Wave modelling for the north Indian Ocean using MSMR analysed winds. Int. J. of Remote Sensing, 27(18), 3767-3780.
Patgaonkar, R.., Ilangovan D. Vethamony, P. Babu, M.T., Jayakumar S. Rajagopal, M.D 2007. Stability of a Sand Spit due to Dredging in an Adjacent Creek, Ocean Engng, 34, 638- 643.
Vethamony, P., Sudheesh, K., Babu, M.T., Jayakumar, S., Manimurali, R., Saran, A.K., Sharma, L.H., Rajan, B., Srivastava, M., 2007. Trajectory of an oil spill off Goa, eastern Arabian Sea: field observations and simulations, Envt. Poll., 148, 438 -444.
Ramaswamy, V, B. Nagender Nath, P.Vethamony and D. Illangovan, 2007. Source and dispersal of suspended sediment in the macro-tidal Gulf of Kachchh, Mar. Poll. Bull, 54, 708 - 719.
Vethamony, P, MT Babu, MV Ramanamurty, AK Saran, Antony Joseph, K Sudheesh, Rupali SP and S Jayakumar, 2007: Thermohaline structure of an inverse estuary - Gulf of Kachchh: measurements and model simulations, Mar. Poll. Bull., 54, 697 - 707.
P. N. Sridhar, MM. Ali, P. Vethamony , M. T. Babu , I. V. Ramana and S. Jayakumar, 2008. Seasonal occurrence of unique sediment plume in the Bay of Bengal , EOS, Trans. Ame. Geophy Union, 89, 3, 22-23.
Aboobacker V.M, P. Vethamony, K. Sudheesh, Rupali, S.P, 2009. Spectral characteristics of the nearshore waves off Paradip, Indiaduring monsoon and extreme events, Natural Hazards, 49, 311-323.
Vethamony, P, V.M. Aboobacker , K. Sudheesh, M.T. Babu and K. Ashok Kumar, 2009. Demarcation of inland vessels' limit off Mormugao Port region, India - a pilot study for the safety of inland vessels using wave modeling, Natural Hazards, 49, 411-420.
P.V.Shirodkar, Analia. Mesquita, Umesh K Pradhan, Xivanand Verlekar, M T. Babu, P. Vethamony, 2009. Factors controlling
physico-chemical characteristics in the coastal waters off Mangalore - a multivariate approach. Environmental
Research, 109, 245-257.
Mani Murali, R, Deepak Shrivastava and P. Vethamony (2009). Monitoring shoreline environment of Paradip, east coast of Indiausing remote sensing, Curr. Sci, Vol. 97, No. 1, 79-84.
Thank You