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Announcements:
1. TA Office hours:
Mon 10am-12
Wed 12-1pm
Room S161
2. Prerequisites
BGYA01H & BGYA02H OR BGYA01Y
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• Today1. The neuron
2. Organization of the nervous system
• Next lecture– Resting membrane potential
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Section One: Nervous System
• 5 lectures on basic nerve cell properties– Especially electric potentials
• 4-5 lectures on neural communication
• 4-5 lectures on sensory reception
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Cells of the Nervous System
• Two major cell types1. Neurons
• Electrical and chemical communication
2. Glia• Important for development and support• Myelin
Neurons are the fundamental unit of the nervous system
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The Neuron – vertebrate motor neuron
Dendrites
Cell Body(Soma)
Axon
Nerve Terminal Neurotransmitter Secretion
Receive & IntegrateInputs
Impulse conduction
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Neurons – diversity of types
Cortical Pyramidal NeuronPurkinje Cell
dendrites
cell body
axon
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ProcessingSensory Input Motor OutputBehaviour
Organization of nervous system
Filters Patternedactivity
Other sensory input
Experience
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Simple ComplexAnterior specialization
‘brain’Nerve
netNeuralganglia
InterconnectedGanglia
Segmentation
Hydra Leech
# of neurons
Human100 x 109
nematode300correction
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• Even ‘simple’ nervous systems can display very complex behaviour
• eg nematodes, leeches, and flies can all display learning!
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Brain
SegmentedNerve Cord
HumanFruit Fly Embryo
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Organization of the VertebrateNervous System
Brain
Sensory Receptors
Spinal Cord
Motor Neurons(efferent)
Sensory Neurons(afferent)
Voluntary(somatic)
Autonomic
CentralNervousSystem
PeripheralNervousSystem
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Division of theMotor Nervous System
Autonomic Voluntary
Things you controlSympathetic
Parasympathetic
Heart rateCardiovascular function
Pupil dilationLung function
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Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
• Parallel Systems that innervate the same target• Opposing effects on the target
•Usually in balance
Dilate pupilIncrease heart rate
Constrict pupilDecrease Heart Rate
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The Reflex Arc
Inte
r-n
euro
n
Monosynaptic
Polysynaptic
Sensory receptor
Sensory receptor
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Summary & Key Points
1. The fundamental cell of the nervous system is the neuron.
2. The neuron has functionally specialized regions
3. Evolution of the nervous system includes increasing cell number and interconnection
4. Subdivisions of the vertebrate nervous system
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Neural Signaling
Within neurons
Between neurons
electrical chemical & electrical
A Simple Circuit
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Membrane Potentials
• Neurons, like most cells, have an electric potential (voltage) across the cell membrane– Inside is more negative than the outside
• Neurons use this electric potential to carry information
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Measuring Membrane Potential
cell
microelectrodeamplifier
0 mV
-80 mVtime
Membrane potentialReferenceelectrode
Bathing solution
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Membrane Potentials• Depend on:
1. Selective Permeability of the Cell Membrane
2. Unequal distribution of ions across the membrane
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• Next lecture:
Ionic basis of membrane potential