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Announcements
No Class on November 23rd
Want some Independent Study Credits? SEE ME!
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Renal Pelvis ----> Ureter -----> Bladder
Mucosa: Transitional epithelium - lamina propria
Muscularis: Smooth muscle Longitudinal inner layerCircular outer layer
Adventitia
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URETER
25.
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URETER
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BLADDER
http://www.visualsunlimited.com/browse/vu306/vu306638.html
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Urethra
Epithelium:
Female: Transitional----> Stratified Squamous
Male: Transitional----> Stratified or
Pseudostratified Columnar
Stratified Squamous
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KIDNEY DIALYSIS METHODS
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Digestive System
Alimentary Canal and Associated Organs
Mouth TongueEsophagus TeethStomach Salivary GlandsSmall Intestine PancreasLarge Intestine Liver
Gall Bladder
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Alimentary Canal
General Structure from Esophagus ---> Anus
Mucosa: Epithelium (varied composition)Lamina PropriaMuscularis Mucosa (smooth muscle)
Submucosa: Dense irregular connective tissue
Muscularis externa: Two layers of smooth muscle
Serosa: simple squamous epithelium, connective tissue
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Function of the Alimentary Canal
Barrier: between internal and external environments
Immunological Defense: site of lymphatic tissue
Motility: movement of food
Secretion: enzymes, mucous, acid, antibodies
Absorption: products of digestion
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Barrier- Epithelium
Oral Cavity: parakeratinized epithelium- most superficial cells do not lose nuclei
tongue, gums, hard palate
Connective tissue papilla
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Barrier- Epithelium
Esophagus: stratified squamous epithelium
Small and Large Intestine- tight junctions between columnar cells of simple epithelium
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Barrett’s Esophagus
http://content.revolutionhealth.com/contentimages/images-image_popup-barrettsesophagus.jpg
-Damage to the lining of the esophagus due to leakage of stomach acid into the esophagus
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Simple ColumnarEpithelium
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Esophagus: Normal stratified squamous epithelium
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Barrett’s Esophagus
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Barrett’s Esophagus
Simple columnar epithelium, presence of goblet cells
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What if the barrier is breached?
Immunological Defense
Tonsils: ring of lymphatic tissue (lymphatic nodules or follicles) at entrance to respiratory and digestive tracts
micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/intelplay/gallery...
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Adenoids: lymphatic tissue located high on the posterior wall of the pharynx.
- similar to tonsils
- clear antigens from air
- reduced in adults
- can be enlarged / inflamed
SYMPTOMS:-mouth breathing-snoring-bad breath-chronic runny nose-sleep apnea-pulmonary hypertension-right-sided heart failure
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Immunological Defense
Gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT): diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules in lamina propria of small and large intestine Striking in Ileum and Appendix => Peyer’s Patches
MALT=Mucous associated lymphatic Tissue
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Immunological Defense: Lymphatic Tissue
Plasma Cells secrete a special form of antibody, ==> secreted IgA
-Dimeric
-Linked via J chain and secretory component
-More stable
-More resistant to enzymatic digestion
-in saliva, milk, and mucous membranes of respiratory and digestive tracts
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Possible modes of defensemediated by IgA binding to
itsreceptor, pIgR, (the
secretorycomponent , SC).
(a) pIgR-driven export of dimeric IgA with J chain (IgA+J)
(b) Neutralization of infecting virus and transport of viral products from the lumen.
(c) Intracellular neutralization of endotoxin (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria.
(d) Clearance of antigen (Ag) that has breached the mucosal barrier.
From Trends Immunol. 2004, 25:150-57.
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www.bu.edu/histology/p/12001oba.htm
Immunological Defense
Peyer’s Patches
Lymph nodulescapped by specializedepithelial cells=>M Cells
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M Cells- Follicle-Associated Epithelium (FAE): epithelial cells associated with lymph nodules of MALT
- look for absence of goblet cells over Peyer’s Patch
- apical surface microfolds rather than microvilli
- connected to neighbors with tight junctions
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M Cells- have extensive inpocketings of basal membrane
containing T and B lymphocytes
www.rcai.riken.go.jp/eng/group/epi/
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M Cells: specialized for transepithelial transport: deliver intact foreign antigens and microorganisms from lumen to immune cells
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MotilityMuscularis Mucosa: thin layer of smooth muscle responsible for moving the mucosa
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Motility
Muscularis Externa: mixes, propels contents of lumen
2 thick layers of smooth muscle
inner layer=> circularly-oriented layer-tight spiral
outer layer=>longitudinally-oriented layer
-loose spiral
Between muscle layers- Nervous innervation
Myenteric plexis (Auerbach’s plexis)
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Motility: Muscularis Externa
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Motility: Muscularis Externa
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Motility
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA EXCEPTIONS:
SKELETAL MUSCLE in proximal esophagus (upper 1/3) & anus
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MUSCULARIS EXTERNA EXCEPTIONS:
Teniae Coli: 3 thickened bands of longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestine-
Lumen
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Secretion
- carried out by epithelial cells and associated glands
- secretions include:
Antibodies: IgA
Lubrication substances- Mucous, Goblet cells!
Aid for digestion: hydrochloric acid & enzymes
Hormones
Water
-secretions from salivary glands, stomach, small and large intestine
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Before we discuss secretions:
A PAUSE FOR A BIT OF GROSS ANATOMY!
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Anatomy of the Stomach
3 regions:
Cardiac
Pyloric
Fundic
Rugae: longitudinal folds or ridges on inner surface
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Anatomy of the Stomach
3 regions:
Cardiac
Pyloric
Fundic
Rugae: longitudinal folds or ridges on inner surface
Simple columnar epithelium
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Each stomach region
has distinctive glands.
•Cardiac glands
•Pyloric glands
•Fundic glands
-gastric pits
-isthmus cell replication
-neck
-base or fundus
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Anatomy of the Small Intestine
3 components: Duodenum, Jeunum, Ileum
- Plicae circularis- Villi- Microvilli
- Simple columnar epithelium
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Anatomy of the Small Intestine
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Lubrication: Mucous Secretions
Esophagus- Lubrication and protection from regurgitation of acidic stomach contents
Stomach- surface mucous cells; mucous protects from abrasion, contains bicarbonate; protects mucosa from acidic stomach contents (chyme)
Small Intestine- goblet cells, # increases from duodenum=> ileum
Large Intestine- goblet cells, # increases toward rectum
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Specialized Cells for Stomach Secretion
Surface Mucous Cells: gastic pit and neck of gastric glandPAS stain for
carbohydrates
millette.med.sc.edu/Lab%201%20pages/introduct...
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Specialized Cells for Stomach SecretionParietal (Oxyntic) Cells:- neck & deep parts of fundic glands
- release HCl and intrinsic factor (B12 absorption)
- large**
- triangular**
- acidophilic**
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Parietal (Oxyntic) Cells
Anti-parietal cell antibody
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Parietal (Oxyntic) Cells
HCl Synthesis: H+ and Cl- ions pumped into intracellular canalicular system, HCl formed
http://www.mfi.ku.dk/ppaulev/chapter22/images/22-10.jpg
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Specialized Cells for Stomach Secretion
Chief Cells: deep in fundic glands, protein-secreting, lots of RER, basophilic, zymogen granules
Secrete pepsinogen HClPepsinogen--------->
Pepsin
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Specialized Cells for STOMACH Secretion
Enteroendocrine cells: small - more common in gland base - pale, vesicles don’t fix well - may not reach lumen, but sample lumenal contents with microvilli -release variety of hormones into blood
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Enteroendocrine cells
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Specialized Cells of the Small Intestine
Enterocytes (intestinal absorptive cells)
Paneth cells- secrete antimicrobial substances
Enteroendocrine cells- release hormones
M cells- dome cells cap lymphatic nodules
Goblet cells- mucous secreting
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Enterocytes (intestinal absorptive cells)
Tall columnar cells
Microvilli=>striated border
Epithelial specializations-Terminal web- Tight junctions
Secrete Digestive Enzymes
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Paneth Cells
- base of intestinal glands- large- intense acidophilic granules- phagocytose bacteria- secrete lysozyme- digests bacterial cell wall
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Epithelial Renewal in Stomach and Small Intestine
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Celiac Disease (Sprue)
- an inherited, autoimmune disease
- lining of the small intestine damaged by eating gluten and other proteins found in wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats.
- exact cause unknown
- flattening of intestinal villi
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000233.htm
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www.aafp.org/afp/20071215/afp20071215p1795-u3.jpg
Normal Intestine
Celiac Disease
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Large Intestine
Simple columnar epitheliumAbsorption of water and electrolytes
Columnar absorptive cellsCrypts of LieberkuhnGoblet cells
www.kumc.edu/.../histoweb/gitract/gi21.htm
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Ulcerative Colitis-An inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum.
Symptoms include:- Abdominal pain and cramping and sounds- Blood and pus in the stools- Diarrhea
Treatments:- Diet and nutrition- Manage stress- Medications- Surgery
Histology: Presence of crypt abscesses in which the crypt epithelium breaks down and the lumen fills with cells. The lamina propria is infiltrated with leukocytes.
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Secretion / Digestion / Absorption
- Requires coordination of secretion and motility with ingestion
NERVOUS AND HORMONAL SIGNALS
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Secretion / Digestion / Absorption
- Requires coordination of secretion with ingestion
- Must coordinate the:
Release of saliva
Release of digestive enzymes
Release of HCl
Release of bile from gall bladder
Motility of gastrointestinal tract
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Secretion / Digestion / Absorption
What signals might trigger release of
hormones and digestive enzymes?
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Gastrin secretion: release from stomach enteroendocrine cells (G cells) is stimulated by
1) peptides and amino acids in stomach lumen2) distention of stomach wall3) sensory inputs --> neural innervation (GRP)
- Parietal cells have gastrin receptors
GASTRIN RELEASE
HCl RELEASE
PEPSIN ACTIVATION
PROTEIN DIGESTION Enterochromaffin-like cell=ECL Cell
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Regulation Parietal Cell HCl secretion
http://www.uwgi.org/gut/stomach_03.asp
Gastrin produced by G cell
HCl produced by parietal cell
Gastrin stimulates Parietal Cells
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Choleocystokinin (CCK): hormone released from enteroendocrine cells of small intestine is stimulated by presence of H+, amino acids, and fatty acids
- Pancreatic cells have CCK receptors**(may act through neurons innervating the pancreas in humans)
CCK RELEASE (INTESTINAL ENDOENDOCRINE CELLS)
PANCREATIC DIGESTIVE ENZYME RELEASE
DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS, LIPIDS IN SMALL INTESTINE