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Annual report 2010: the state
of the drugs problem in Europe
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)
Established: 1993
Location: Lisbon
Staff: 100
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A multilingual information package
www.emcdda.europa.eu/annual-report
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Europe’s biggest drug problem
Overall stable
Large problem in some neighbouring countries
Heroin problem
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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About 1.35 million in the EU and Norway: 0.4 % of the adult population
Recent national estimates: 0.1 to 0.8 % of the adult population
Problem opioid users
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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750 000 to one million in the EU and Norway —0.26 % of the adult population
Decrease in the proportion of injectors among opioid users entering treatment
Injecting drug users
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Trends in newly reported HIV infections in injecting drug users in four EU Member States reporting high rates of infection
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Indirect indicators show stable or slightly increasing opioid problems in Europe
Opioid trends
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Trends in treatment entries by primary drug
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Drug-induced deaths: change 2000 to 2003
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Drug-induced deaths: change 2004 to 2007/8
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Trends in mean age of drug-induced deaths in some European countries
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Trend in heroin-related drug-law offences
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Estimated number of heroin seizures and of quantities seized
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Global heroin production
Ageing cohort of problem opioid users
Polydrug use and other high-risk behaviours
Possible reasons for the current opioid trendsHeroin and
injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Reports of problem opioid use in Russia and Ukraine (UNODC): 2−4 times the EU average
High proportion of drug injectors and levels of HIV infections
Problem opioid use in neighbouring countries
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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14 million Europeans have ever used cocaine (4.1 %) 4 million during the past year (1.3 %)
3 million are between 15 and 34 years old
Prevalence of cocaine use
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Cocaine use: last year prevalence among young adults in Europe, Australia, Canada and the USA
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Cocaine use: last year prevalence among young adults
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Trends in treatment entries by primary drug
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Around 1 000 cocaine-related deaths were reported in 2008
Marked increases in Spain and the United Kingdom
Cocaine deaths
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Number of seizures increasing for last 20 years: 96 000 (2008)
Quantities seized decreased since 2006: 67 tonnes (2008)
New smuggling techniques
Cocaine seizures
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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2.5 million young adults (1.7 %) have used ecstasy in the last year
1.5 million young adults (1.2 %) have used amphetamines in the last year
Overall stabilisation in the use trends of ecstasy and amphetamines
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Trend in last year use among young adults
Ecstasy
Amphetamines
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Regional differences in levels and patterns of problem amphetamine use in Europe
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Illicit drug facilities dismantled in the EU as reported to Europol
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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75.5 million Europeans have ever used cannabis (22.5 %)
23 million in the past year (6.8 %)
17 million are between 15 and 34 years old
Prevalence of cannabis use
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Cannabis use: last year prevalence
among young adults
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Trends in treatment entries by primary drug
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Daily cannabis use
Up to 3 million young Europeans (2.3 %) could be using cannabis on a daily basis
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Seizures
About 1 000 tonnes of cannabis seized (90 % resin)
Domestic cultivation reported in all European countries
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Detecting new drugs
Record number (24) of new substances reported to the European Early-Warning System (EWS) in 2009
Growing popularity of synthetic cathinones, including mephedrone
New synthetic cannabinoids
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Use of new drugs (Spice, cathinones, etc.)
Few studies available
Changing substances and brands
Can reach high prevalence levels among clubbers and cannabis users
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Monitoring the Internet
170 online shops
Substances sold as ‘legal highs’
Rapid adaptation to control measures
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Development of drug policies in Europe
Almost all EU Member States have a comprehensive drug strategy
No clear pattern for linking alcohol and drugs strategies
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Prevention
Information provision is widespread in Europe, despite evidence of limited effectiveness
Selective and indicated prevention still limited in most countries
Development of prevention standards
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Large investments in treatment
At least 1 million Europeans undergo drug treatment every year
Major increase over the last decades: new providers and new needs
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Large investments in treatment: opioid substitution treatment
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Estimated proportion of problem opioid users in substitution treatment
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Treatment access: barriers and challenges
Limited number of providers, restrictive admission criteria, costs, opening hours, etc.
Pharmacological treatment for stimulant use
Economic austerity: more needs and fewer resources?
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Harm reduction
About 40 million syringes distributed through specialised programmes
Increases in syringe provision in most countries
Overdose prevention with ‘take-home’ doses of naloxone in some countries
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Prisons (situation)
600 000 people in penal institutions in the EU
Reports of 10−30 % incarcerated because of drug law offences
Drug use prevalence much higher than among the general population
Increased overdose risk after prison release
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Prisons (responses)
Entitlement to equivalent services as in the community
Some countries recognise the need to develop specific strategies and interventions
Transfer of prison health to Ministries of Health; integration of drugs or health services in prison
Development of specific standards
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the internet
Responding to drug problems
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Proportion of prison population receiving opioid substitution treatment
Heroin and injecting
Cocaine
Ecstasy andamphetamines
Cannabis
New drugs and the Internet
Responding to drug problems
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Conclusion 2010
• Drug use in Europe is overall stable, but with regional variations
• Changes in the supply and use of established drugs and the emergence of a record number of new substances test Europe’s drug control models
• Europe’s response to drug problems has increased in the last decades, will it decrease with economic austerity?
• There is still progress to be made in several areas (prevention, treatment, prisons)